The main limitation of the study was the potential exclusion of relevant articles, as a consequence of the poor indexing of the databases searched. Twenty-four unique methodological frameworks were identified, addressing 5 broad categories of impact: (1) primary research-related impact, (2) influence on policy making, (3) health and health systems impact, (4) health-related and societal impact, and (5) broader economic impact. A research scientist for a U.S. federal agency wrote, We are in a period of growing isolationism, nativism and backlash that will weaken democracies around the world, and it will probably have reached a peak by 2030. The following impact subgroups were identified within this category: type and nature of policy impact, level of policy making, and policy networks. In particular, the journal is interested in papers that advance new and existing methodological approaches, and are innovative works on the theories, practices and possibilities of creativity and thinking skills research. As a result, contemporary literature has tended to advocate the collection of information regarding a variety of different potential forms of impact alongside publication/citations metrics [2,3,5,7,8,2947], as outlined in this review. Methodology, Google Images was searched because different methodological frameworks are summarised in a single image and can easily be identified through this search engine. Writing original draft, As a 501(c)(6) organization, the SGO contributes to the advancement of women's cancer care by encouraging research, providing education, raising standards of practice, advocating There is a growing interest in demonstrating the impact of research in order to minimise research waste, allocate resources efficiently, and maximise the benefit of research. At this stage, 39 articles were excluded, as they did not propose new or modified methodological frameworks. This review provides a collective summary of existing methodological frameworks for research impact, which funders may use to inform the measurement of research impact and researchers may use to inform study design decisions aimed at maximising the short-, medium-, and long-term impact of their research. Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; EMBASE, Issue 4 2019 Resilience and ethics in social systems . Improved information and health information management. Likewise, the impact may not arise exclusively from a single piece of research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript (http://www.conacyt.mx/). The suggested metrics to demonstrate evidence-based practice were adoption of health technologies and research outcomes to improve the healthcare systems and inform policies and guidelines [29]. Sustainable Development Goal; SIAMPI, In the UK REF, the measurement of research impact is seen as increasingly important. Research Impact Framework; RQF, Proposals funded through this highlight notice will refine methodological approaches developed since March 2020 to enable them to be fully embedded in research practice, maximising their contribution to social science research. The most appropriate methodological framework for a given study will likely depend on stakeholder needs, as each employs different methodologies to assess research impact [4,37,41]. Historical materialism is the term used to describe Karl Marx's theory of history. Issue 4 2019 Resilience and ethics in social systems . Energy enters the system through photosynthesis and is incorporated into plant tissue. This review allows researchers to select individual existing methodological framework components to create a bespoke tool with which to facilitate optimal study design and maximise the potential for impact depending on the characteristic of their study (Fig 2 and Fig 3). Collecting information retrospectively can be an issue, as the data required might not be available. For example, in the UK, the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) has recently been used to assess the quality and impact of research in higher education institutions, through the assessment of impact cases studies and selected qualitative impact metrics [9]. The Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) is the premier medical specialty society for health care professionals trained in the comprehensive management of gynecologic cancers. FAOSTAT, the International Fertilizer Association and leading research universities offer new reference point for assessing agricultural, environment and sustainability priorities. Funding acquisition, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Twenty of the 24 frameworks advocated the evaluation of research and innovation outcomes [2,3,5,7,8,2939,41,43,44,46]. The diagram has the advantage of assorting all the impact metrics proposed by previous frameworks and grouping them into different impact subgroups and categories. Issue 7 2019 Rethinking Higher Education for the 21st century: a cyber-systemic contribution . Type and nature of policy impact. Annals of Oncology, the journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology and the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology, provides rapid and efficient peer-review publications on innovative cancer treatments or translational work related to oncology and precision medicine. 4.3. However, the most appropriate way of measuring the impact of healthcare research is subject to debate. Author content. Within more long-term impact measurement, the evaluations of changes in the quality of care and service delivery were commonly advocated. Methodology, Two frameworks focused on the importance of partnerships between researchers and policy makers, as a core element to accomplish research impact [44,45]. The benefits contained within the categories health and health systems impact, health-related and societal impact, and broader economic impacts are considered the expected and final returns of the resources allocated in healthcare research [30,62]. Methodological frameworks addressing this subgroup stressed the importance of collecting information regarding the influence of research on policy (i.e., changes in practice or terminology). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370.t001. Thus, we may have failed to identify potentially relevant methodological frameworks that were developed in a non-English language setting. Nonetheless, 7 methodological frameworks were developed based upon the Payback Framework [8,29,3135]. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; PROM, Health workforce. Yes This review has summarised existing methodological impact frameworks together for the first time using systematic methods (Fig 4). To address these issues, these authors propose focusing on the contribution of research through assessing the processes and interactions between stakeholders and researchers, which arguably take into consideration all the processes and actors involved in a research project [7,40,42,43]. These included the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences framework, which used conceptual cluster analysis [33]. However, a number of these metrics encounter research lag: i.e., the time between the point at which the research is conducted and when the actual benefits arise [69]. Our analysts, economists and strategists have earned this reputation through timely, in-depth analysis of companies, industries, markets and the worlds economies. This is the first initiative to allocate research funding based on the economic, societal, and cultural impact of research, although it should be noted that research impact only drives a proportion of this allocation (approximately 20%) [9]. This simplified consolidated methodological framework will help researchers to understand how a research study may give rise to differing forms of impact, as well as in what ways and at which time points these potential impacts might be measured. The average number of weeks it takes to reach from manuscript acceptance to the first appearance of the article online (with DOI). These articles should be problem based, focusing on a practical tourism development, management, marketing or economics problem. 1.2. NCES DataLab offers public access to wealth of data on the condition of American education. Research Excellence Framework; RIF, The capture of research-related impact was the most widely advocated concept across methodological frameworks, illustrating the importance with which primary short-term impact outcomes were viewed by the included papers. Semi-structured, narrative, and in-depth interviewing, focus groups, action research, participant observation In contrast to survey questionnaires, qualitative interviewing aims to delve deep beneath the surface of superficial responses to obtain true meanings that individuals assign to events, and the complexity of their attitudes, behaviours and experiences. Additionally, this review only extracted information regarding the methodology followed to develop each framework from the main publication source or framework webpage. Abbreviations: quality-adjusted life year; R&D, Results are displayed in a column filtered by research topic categories. However, some authors failed to identify the stakeholders involved in the development of their frameworks [2,5,34,41,45], making it difficult to assess their appropriateness. Is the Subject Area "Health care policy" applicable to this article? Data curation, However, the impact element of the REF has been criticised in some quarters [10,11]. This leading international journal, launched in 2006, uniquely identifies and details critical issues in the future of learning and teaching of creativity, as well as innovations in teaching for thinking. Studies were excluded if they presented an existing (unmodified) methodological framework previously available elsewhere, did not explicitly describe a methodological framework but rather focused on a single metric (e.g., bibliometric analysis), focused on the impact or effectiveness of interventions rather than that of the research, or presented case study data only. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Capacity building, training, and leadership. Conceptualization, No, Is the Subject Area "Science policy" applicable to this article? An additional 2 frameworks focused on evaluating the pathways to impact, i.e., linking processes between research and impact [30,46]. 3.5. [5], S. Kuruvila et al. Academic collaborations, research networks, and data sharing. Issue 6 2019. These articles should be problem based, focusing on a practical tourism development, management, marketing or economics problem. Resource allocation, mentioned in 6frameworks, can be measured through 2 impact metrics: new funding attributed to the intervention in question and equity while allocating resources, such as improved allocation of resources at an area level; better targeting, accessibility, and utilisation; and coverage of health services [2,5,29,31,45,47]. The outcomes of research may emerge slowly and be absorbed gradually. Our success is built on high-quality, unbiased and independent research. Two independent investigators (SCR and OLA) conducted all screening following a pilot aimed at refining the process. 3.3. Yes Investigators also extracted details regarding each frameworks impact categories and subgroups, along with their proposed time to impact (short-term, mid-term, or long-term) and the details of any metrics that had been proposed to measure impact, which are depicted in an impact matrix. Research and innovation outcomes. Issue 6 2019. The standard for acceptance is that a paper must make a substantive theoretical and/or methodological contribution to the tourism research literature. 1, Art. These major impact categories were further subdivided into 16 impact subgroups. Eight frameworks were developed in the UK [2,3,29,37,39,42,43,45], 6 in Canada [8,33,34,44,46,47], 4 in Australia [5,31,35,38], 3 in the Netherlands [7,40,41], and 2 in the United States [30,36], with 1 model developed with input from various countries [32]. 10 January 2011 . Issue 3 2019. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. No, Is the Subject Area "Health services research" applicable to this article? Abstract: Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe and systematically analyze personal experience in order to understand cultural experience.This approach challenges canonical ways of doing research The most dominant methodological framework was the Payback Framework; 7 other methodological framework models used the Payback Framework as a starting point for development [8,29,3135]. : 3240 While some sociologists conduct Five publications focused on assessing the impact of research by focusing on the interaction process between stakeholders and researchers (productive interactions), which is a requirement to achieve research impact. In light of the commonalities and differences among the methodological frameworks, the pathways to research impact diagram (Fig 4) was developed to provide researchers, funders, and policy makers a more comprehensive and exhaustive way to measure healthcare research impact. Copyright: 2017 Cruz Rivera et al. As a 501(c)(6) organization, the SGO contributes to the advancement of women's cancer care by encouraging research, providing education, raising standards of practice, advocating The Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) has recently set out the proposals for the REF 2021 exercise, confirming that the measurement of such impact will continue to form an important part of the process [15]. See COVID-19 article filters for the filter search strategies; these may evolve over time. We scrutinised the sample, identifying and summarising 5 proposed impact categories, 16 impact subcategories, and over 80 metrics into an impact matrix and methodological framework. Different processes (such as networking interactions and knowledge and research translation) and multiple individuals and organisations are often involved [4,71]. In addition, methodological frameworks were included if they were applicable to the healthcare discipline with no need of modification within their structure. Influence on policy making was the predominant midterm impact category, specifically the subgroup type and nature of policy impact, in which frameworks advocated the measurement of (i) changes to legislation, regulations, and government policy; (ii) influence and involvement in decision-making processes; and (iii) changes to clinical or healthcare training, practice, or guidelines. 1.3. Marx locates historical change in the rise of class societies and the way humans labor together to make their livelihoods. The inclusion of a mixed-method approach to the measurement of impact in the REF (narrative and quantitative metrics) reflects a widespread beliefexpressed by the majority of authors of the included methodological frameworks in the reviewthat individual quantitative impact metrics (e.g., number of citations and publications) do not necessary capture the complexity of the relationships involved in a research project and may exclude measurement of specific aspects of the research pathway [10,12]. Yes However, contribution metrics are generally harder to measure in comparison to academic-orientated indicators [72]. This leading international journal, launched in 2006, uniquely identifies and details critical issues in the future of learning and teaching of creativity, as well as innovations in teaching for thinking. However, these metrics primarily measure the dissemination of research finding rather than its impact [30,68]. To our knowledge, this review is the first to synthesise existing methodological frameworks for healthcare research impact, and the associated impact metrics by which various authors have proposed impact should be measured, into a unified matrix. After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370.g003. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (see S1 PRISMA Checklist), 2 independent investigators systematically screened for publications describing, evaluating, or utilising a methodological research impact framework within the context of healthcare research [28]. Yes A number of subgroups were identified within this category, with frameworks supporting the collection of impact data across the following constructs: research and innovation outcomes; dissemination and knowledge transfer; capacity building, training, and leadership; and academic collaborations, research networks, and data sharing. We included any methodological framework identified (original or modified versions) at the point of first occurrence. Twelve of the 24 frameworks highlighted the importance of evaluating quality of care and service delivery [2,5,8,2931,3336,41,47]. No, Is the Subject Area "Health services administration and management" applicable to this article? Validation, From a researchers perspective, understanding the optimal pathways to impact can help inform study design aimed at maximising the impact of the project. A number of methodological frameworks advocated the measurement of impacts on health and healthcare systems across the following impact subgroups: quality of care and service delivering, evidence-based practice, improved information and health information management, cost containment and effectiveness, resource allocation, and health workforce. Main focuses of interest include: systemic anticancer therapy (with specific interest on molecular targeted Public Full-text 1. Carolyn Ellis, Tony E. Adams & Arthur P. Bochner. SCR and OLA independently extracted details of impact methodological frameworks, the country of origin, and the year of publication, as well as the source, the framework description, and the methodology used to develop the framework. Records were downloaded into Endnote (version X7.3.1), and duplicates were removed. These outcomes were considered the direct or primary impacts of a research project, as these are often the first evidenced returns [30,62]. 3.4. In total, we retrieved 54 full-text articles for review. In 2010, approximately US$240 billion was invested in healthcare research worldwide [1]. Morgan Stanley Investment Research is one of the financial industry's dominant thought leaders in equity and fixed-income investing. At the same time, funders need to understand which aspects of impact they should focus on when allocating awards so they can make the most of their investment and bring the greatest benefit to patients and society [2,4,5,16,17]. Other methodological frameworks, 4 of the 24, suggested capturing improvements in equity, inclusion, or cohesion and human rights. Millennium Development Goal; NHS, 2.2. Data extraction occurred after the final selection of included articles. The aim of this review was therefore to (1) identify the methodological frameworks used to measure healthcare research impact using systematic methods, (2) summarise common impact themes and metrics in an impact matrix, and (3) provide a simplified consolidated resource for use by funders, researchers, and policy makers. This subgroup included the following metrics: number of publications; number of peer-reviewed articles (including journal impact factor); citation rates; requests for reprints, number of reviews, and meta-analysis; and new or changes in existing products (interventions or technology), patents, and research. For instance, if researchers are interested in assessing how influential their research is on policy making, perhaps considering a suite of the appropriate metrics drawn from multiple methodological frameworks may provide a more comprehensive method than adopting a single methodological framework. Cost containment comprised the collection of information regarding how research has influenced the provision and management of health services and its implication in healthcare resource allocation and use [29]. Supervision, The diagram aims to provide an exhaustive and comprehensive way of tracing research impact by combining all the impact metrics presented by the different 24 frameworks, grouping those metrics into different impact subgroups, and grouping these into broader impact categories. However, there is no consensus on which is the most appropriate tool to measure the impact of research. AIHS, No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? Additionally, this research has been introduced by the World Health Organisation to achieve the MDG improve maternal health [16,29,65]. here. Five methodological frameworks highlighted the need to collect information regarding collaborative research with industry and staff movement between academia and industry [5,7,29,41,43]. Providing an alternate view, the authors of methodological frameworks such as the SIAMPI, Contribution Mapping, Research Contribution, and the Exchange model suggest that the problems of attribution are a consequence of assigning the impact of research to a particular impact metric [7,40,42,44]. Among the finding of meta-research is a low rates of reproducibility across a large number of fields. 1, Art. Additionally, ex ante evaluation of potential benefit can overcome the issues regarding identifying and capturing evidence, which can be used in the future [4]. Formal analysis, It is therefore essential that this research is of high quality and that it is impactfuli.e., it delivers demonstrable benefits to society and the wider economy whilst minimising research waste [1,2]. Writing review & editing, Roles In order to conduct ex ante evaluation of potential benefit, some authors suggest the early involvement of policy makers in a research project coupled with a well-designed strategy of dissemination [40,69]. Providing an alternate view, the authors of methodological frameworks such as the SIAMPI, Contribution Mapping, Research Contribution, and the Exchange model suggest that the problems of attribution are a consequence of assigning the impact of research to a particular impact metric [7,40,42,44]. Cost containment and cost-effectiveness. Providing an alternate view, the authors of methodological frameworks such as the SIAMPI, Contribution Mapping, Research Contribution, and the Exchange model suggest that the problems of attribution are a consequence of assigning the impact of research to a particular impact metric [7,40,42,44]. Make the best use of Scientific Research and information from our 700+ leading-edge peer reviewed, Open Access Journals that operates with the help of 50,000+ Editorial Board Members and esteemed reviewers and 1000+ Scientific associations in Medical, Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Engineering, Technology and Management Fields This involved collecting information regarding the number of doctoral and postdoctoral studentships (including those generated as a result of the research findings and those appointed to conduct the research), as well as the number of researchers and research-related staff involved in the research projects. Finally, it became clear during this review that the included methodological frameworks had been constructed using varied methodological processes. 4.1. Schram and Caterino (2006) contains a fundamental methodological criticism of rational choice theory for promoting the view that the natural science model is the only appropriate methodology in social science and that political science should follow this model, with its emphasis on quantification and mathematization. The COVID-19 article filters limit retrieval to citations about the 2019 novel coronavirus. 1.2.2 Foundations of Tourism Research Conceptual Articles Research Assessment Exercise; REF, Validation, Methods used to pilot the frameworks included a case study approach [2,3,30,32,33,36,40,42,44,45], contrasting results against available literature [29], the use of stakeholders feedback [7], and assessment tools [35,46]. Crop, livestock and food Economics Environment Food security and nutrition Social Methodological innovation Census of agriculture Agricultural surveys. Authors of the included publications proposed 80 different metrics aimed at measuring impact in these areas. Methodological critiques. This approach would arguably present a more comprehensive method of impact assessment; however, further research is warranted to determine its effectiveness [4,69,72,73]. A range of stakeholder groups were approached across the sample, including principal investigators [7,29,43], research end users [7,42,43], academics [3,8,39,40,43,46], award holders [43], experts [33,38,39], sponsors [33,39], project coordinators [32,42], and chief investigators [31,35]. Whilst previous researchers have summarised existing methodological frameworks and impact case studies [4,2227], they have not summarised the metrics for use by researchers, funders, and policy makers. This impact typology synthesis is depicted in the impact matrix (Fig 2 and Fig 3). Our original search strategy identified 359 citations from MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, CINAHL+, HMIC, and the Journal of Research Evaluation, and 101 citations were returned using other sources (Google, Google Images, Google Scholar, and expert communication) (see Fig 1) [28]. 1.1. Some methodological frameworks, 3 of the 24, focused on tracking changes in the ability of patients to make informed healthcare decisions, reduce health risks, and improve quality of life, which were demonstrably linked to a particular programme of research [5,29,43]. We did, however, make every effort to try to find these potentially hard-to-reach publications, e.g., through forwards/backwards citation searching, hand searching reference lists, and expert communication. For instance, a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Nepal, which had female participants, has demonstrated the reduction of neonatal mortality through the introduction of maternity health care, distribution of delivery kits, and home visits. These advocated the collection of systematic reviews and appraisals in order to identify gaps in knowledge and determine whether the knowledge generated had been assessed before being put into practice [29]. The authors believe this is an area that should be addressed by the research community, to ensure future frameworks are developed using best-practice methodology. The included publications proposed 80 different metrics to measure research impact. This approach tries to address the issue of attributing research impact to metrics [7,4043]. Incorporating these insights into the design of a study could enhance impact, optimizing the use of research resources. A full-text screening identified the publications included for data extraction. Development of creative thinking patterns via math and music, Collective creativity and wellbeing dispositions: Children's perceptions of learning through drama, Does Word Frequency Impact Ideational Fluency in Divergent Thinking? The Stern review suggested that research impact should not only focus on socioeconomic impact but should also include impact on government policy, public engagement, academic impacts outside the field, and teaching to showcase interdisciplinary collaborative impact [10,11]. In particular, the journal is interested in papers that advance new and existing methodological approaches, and are innovative works on the theories, practices and possibilities of creativity and thinking skills research. The Research Impact Framework and the Health Services Research Impact Framework were the models that encompassed the largest number of the metrics extracted. Research ethics is concerned with the moral issues that arise during or as a result of research activities, Meta-research concerns itself with the detection of bias, methodological flaws, and other errors and inefficiencies. Evidence-based practice, mentioned in 5 of the 24 frameworks, refers to making changes in clinical diagnosis, clinical practice, treatment decisions, or decision making based on research evidence [5,8,29,31,33]. The measurement of research impact is an essential exercise to help direct the allocation of limited research resources, to maximise research benefit, and to help minimise research waste. Academic-orientated frameworks included in this review advocated the measurement of impact predominantly using so-called quantitative metricsfor example, the number of peer-reviewed articles, journal impact factor, and citation rates. This may be because they are well-established measures, relatively easy to capture and objective, and are supported by research funding systems. We conducted a systematic review identifying 24 existing methodological research impact frameworks. Additional metrics were income from intellectual property, spillover effects (any secondary benefit gained as a repercussion of investing directly in a primary activity, i.e., the social and economic returns of investing on R&D) [33], patents granted, licences awarded and brought to the market, the development and sales of spinout companies, research contracts, and income from industry. NCES Tables Library provides statistics on educational data studies. We defined methodological framework as a body of methods, rules and postulates employed by a particular procedure or set of procedures (i.e., framework characteristics and development) [18], whereas we defined pathway as a way of achieving a specified result; a course of action [19]. The allocation of resources and targeting can be measured through health services research reports, with the utilisation of health services measured by the probability of providing an intervention when needed, the probability of requiring it again in the future, and the probability of receiving an intervention based on previous experience [29,31]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Additionally, the nonindexed Journal of Research Evaluation was hand searched during the same timeframe using the keyword Impact. Whilst it is true that wider dissemination, especially when delivered via world-leading international journals, may well lead eventually to changes in healthcare, this is by no means certain. Policy networks. Therefore, attributing the contribution made by each of the different actors involved in the process can be a challenge [4]. Excerpta Medica Database; ERA, Dissemination and knowledge transfer. This suite of online data analysis tools (PowerStats, TrendStats, and QuickStats) allow users to create tables and regressions to answer critical questions about education across the nation. AIHS, Alberta InnovatesHealth Solutions; CAHS, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; IOM, Impact Oriented Monitoring; REF, Research Excellence Framework; SIAMPI, Social Impact Assessment Methods for research and funding instruments through the study of Productive Interactions between science and society. Validation, Measuring and monitoring the impact of healthcare research has become increasingly common in the United Kingdom [5], Australia [5], and Canada [8], as governments, organisations, and higher education institutions seek a framework to allocate funds to projects that are more likely to bring the most benefit to society and the economy [5]. Papers may relate to any age level and any settings: formal and informal, education and work-based as long as they connect to the learning and teaching, facilitation and/or practice teaching for thinking and/or creativity. Formal analysis, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; CINAHL+, Questia. With increasing pressure for healthcare research to lead to demonstrable health, economic, and societal impact, there is a need for researchers to understand existing methodological impact frameworks and the means by which impact may be quantified (i.e., impact metrics; see Box 1, 'Definitions) to better inform research activities and funding decisions. At present, there are no guidelines or consensus around the optimal pathway that should be followed to develop a robust methodological framework. There were no language restrictions. In conclusion, the measurement of research impact is an essential exercise to help direct the allocation of limited research resources, to maximise benefit, and to help minimise research waste. The word pseudoscience is derived from the Greek root pseudo meaning false and the English word science, from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge".Although the term has been in use since at least the late 18th century (e.g., in 1796 by James Pettit Andrews in reference to alchemy), the concept of pseudoscience as distinct from real or proper science By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an Investigation, Five major impact categories were identified across the 24 included methodological frameworks: (1) primary research-related impact, (2) influence on policy making, (3) health and health systems impact, (4) health-related and societal impact, and (5) broader economic impact. There were a number of suggested metrics that could be potentially used for this purpose, including health outcomes such as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), patient satisfaction and experience surveys, and qualitative data on waiting times and service accessibility. The present review is the first to summarise systematically existing impact methodological frameworks and metrics. The Research Contribution [42], Research Impact [29], and Primary Health Care & Information Service [31] used a thematic analysis approach. These categories were subdivided into 16 common impact subgroups. Most also consulted with various stakeholders [3,8,29,31,33,3538,43,44,46,47] but used differing methods to incorporate their views, including quantitative surveys [32,35,43,46], face-to-face interviews [7,29,33,35,37,42,43], telephone interviews [31,46], consultation [3,7,36], and focus groups [39,43]. Research ethics is concerned with the moral issues that arise during or as a result of research activities, Meta-research concerns itself with the detection of bias, methodological flaws, and other errors and inefficiencies. Lastly, the impact metric research system management comprised the collection of information that can lead to preserving the health of the population, such as modifying research priorities, resource allocation strategies, and linking health research to other disciplines to maximise benefits [29]. Methodology, The records were screened by title and abstract before full-text articles of potentially eligible publications were retrieved for evaluation. Health Technology Assessment; IOM, Finally, some authors went on to pilot their framework, which shaped refinements on the methodological frameworks until approval. The search strategy was rerun on 15 May 2017. Research Quality Framework; SDG, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online; PHC RIS, This review provides information that can assist researchers to better demonstrate impact, potentially increasing the likelihood of conducting impactful research and reducing research waste. 1.2.2 Foundations of Tourism Research Conceptual Articles 2.3. We aimed to identify the existing methodological frameworks used to measure healthcare research impact and to summarise the common themes and metrics in an impact matrix. Yes For instance, the Payback Framework drew upon a literature review and was refined through a case study approach. Initially, a search strategy was developed to identify the available literature regarding the different methods to measure research impact. It uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis: 35 to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. Higher Education Funding Council for England; HMIC, TJK is in full-time paid employment for PAREXEL International. Suggested metrics included the amount of funding for research and development (R&D) that was competitively awarded by the NHS, medical charities, and overseas companies. Such research is utilised by policy makers, healthcare providers, and clinicians to make important evidence-based decisions aimed at maximising patient benefit, whilst ensuring that limited healthcare resources are used as efficiently as possible to facilitate effective and sustainable service delivery. The Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) is the premier medical specialty society for health care professionals trained in the comprehensive management of gynecologic cancers. 2.1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370.g004. The following keywords: Impact, Framework, and Research, and their synonyms, were used during the search of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE; Ovid) database, the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), the Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC) database, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL+) database (inception to May 2017; see S1 Appendix for the full search strategy). One framework assessed the ability of health technology to influence efficiency of healthcare systems [47]. Finally, additional publications were sought through communication with experts. Research impact can be defined as any identifiable benefit to, or positive influence on the economy, society, public policy or services, health, the environment, quality of life or academia (p. 26) [3]. Fourteen publications proposed academic-orientated frameworks, which focused on measuring academic, societal, economic, and cultural impact using narrative and quantitative metrics [2,3,5,8,29,3139]. Therefore, some relevant articles may not have been included in this review if they failed to indicate the inclusion of a methodological impact framework in their title/abstract. Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. Three subgroups were included in this category: health literacy; health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours; and improved social equity, inclusion, or cohesion. Prospectively, this global picture will help researchers, funders, and policy makers plan strategies to achieve multiple pathways to impact before carrying the research out. The analysis, data and forecasts from our 700 country experts are rigorously tested and peer-reviewed. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370.s002. For example, a systematic review showed that when HIV health literacy/knowledge is spread among people living with the condition, antiretroviral adherence and quality of life improve [66]. PLOS Medicine publishes research and commentary of general interest with clear implications for patient care, public policy or clinical research agendas. Writing review & editing, Roles All content in this area was uploaded by Patsy Perry on Aug 04, 2020 . National Health Service; MEDLINE, There are many purported benefits associated with the measurement of research impact, including the ability to (1) assess the quality of the research and its subsequent benefits to society; (2) inform and influence optimal policy and funding allocation; (3) demonstrate accountability, the value of research in terms of efficiency and effectiveness to the government, stakeholders, and society; and (4) maximise impact through better understanding the concept and pathways to impact [47]. Autoethnography: An Overview 1). This is a highlight notice for the ESRC research grant opportunity. Data curation, For instance, case studies evaluated by Flinders University of Australia demonstrated that some research projects with non-peer-reviewed publications led to significant changes in health policy, whilst the studies with peer-reviewed publications did not result in any type of impact [68]. 700k+ research projects; Join for free. Users do not necessarily need to cover all the aspects of the methodological framework, as every research project can impact on different categories and subgroups. To find citations using the COVID-19 article filters: Methodological frameworks advocated the collection of health system financial, nonfinancial (i.e., transport and sociopolitical implications), and insurance information in order to determine constraints within a health system. We then summarised the common concepts and themes across methodological frameworks and identified the metrics used to evaluate differing forms of impact. A further problem is that impact evaluation is conducted ex post, after the research has concluded. For instance, a project looking at trafficked adolescents and women (2003) influenced the WHO guidelines (2003) on ethics regarding this particular group [17,21,63]. Eight of the 24 frameworks suggested the assessment of health knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, and outcomes, which could be measured through the evaluation of levels of public engagement with science and research (e.g., National Health Service (NHS) Choices end-user visit rate) or by using focus groups to analyse changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour among society [2,5,29,3335,38,43]. Six of the 24 frameworks advocated the subcategory cost containment and cost-effectiveness [2,5,8,17,33,36]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The average number of weeks it takes for an article to go through the editorial review process for this journal, including standard and desk rejects. An ecosystem (or ecological system) consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. Papers were eligible if they included full or partial methodological frameworks or pathways to research impact; both primary research and systematic reviews fitting these criteria were included. This impact subcategory, mentioned in 5 of the 24 frameworks, refers to the influence of research on the provision of health services and management of the health system to prevent additional costs [5,29,33,34,38]. 4.2. Citation: Cruz Rivera S, Kyte DG, Aiyegbusi OL, Keeley TJ, Calvert MJ (2017) Assessing the impact of healthcare research: A systematic review of methodological frameworks. The analysis of the data extraction and construction of the impact matrix led to the development of the pathways to research impact diagram (Fig 4). 3.1. This is why we are trusted by the worlds leading organisations to help them seize opportunities and mitigate risk. 3.2. Among the finding of meta-research is a low rates of reproducibility across a large number of fields. Yes Issue 7 2019 Rethinking Higher Education for the 21st century: a cyber-systemic contribution . Formal analysis, The standard for acceptance is that a paper must make a substantive theoretical and/or methodological contribution to the tourism research literature. Additional methodological frameworks that were commonly incorporated into other tools included the CIHR framework, the CAHS model, the AIHS framework, and the Exchange model [8,33,34,44]. Content uploaded by Patsy Perry. Fourteen of 24 frameworks suggested the evaluation of capacity building, training, and leadership [2,3,5,8,29,3135,3941,43]. : 458 These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. The online etymology dictionary (etymonline) is the internet's go-to source for quick and reliable accounts of the origin and history of English words, phrases, and idioms. Health Management Information Consortium; HTA, A Meta-analytic Exploration with the Alternate Uses Test, Promoting perceived creativity and innovative behavior: Benefits of future problem-solving programs for higher education students, Towards a set of design principles for technology-assisted critical-thinking cultivation: A synthesis of research in English language education, Critical thinking in the preschool classroom - A systematic literature review, Sport psychology in coaching: Improving the personality traits and thinking skills of basketball players, Insight with stumpers: Normative solution data for 25 stumpers and a fresh perspective on the accuracy effect. It allows researchers and funders to consider pathways to impact at the design stage of a study and to understand the elements and metrics that need to be considered to facilitate prospective assessment of impact. Additionally, some frameworks also sought to gather information regarding methods/methodological contributions. Lastly, health workforce, present in 3 methodological frameworks, refers to the reduction in the days of work lost because of a particular illness [2,5,31]. Yes We would also like to thank Mrs Susan Bayliss, Information Specialist, University of Birmingham, and Mrs Karen Biddle, Research Secretary, University of Birmingham. Quality of care and service delivery. Project administration, Many of the frameworks included in this review advocated the collection of a range of academic, societal, economic, and cultural impact metrics; this is consistent with recent recommendations from the Stern review [10]. The structure of the matrix was informed by the work of M. Buxton and S. Hanney [2], P. Buykx et al. Increasingly, researchers need to demonstrate the impact of their research to their sponsors, funders, and fellow academics. Autoethnography: An Overview 1). An additional 15 articles were included following the backward and forward citation method. An additional problem associated to attribution is the lack of evidence to link research and impact. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and supporting files. Resource allocation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101114. Two independent investigators systematically searched the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL+), the Health Management Information Consortium, and the Journal of Research Evaluation from inception until May 2017 for publications that presented a methodological framework for research impact. The average number of weeks it takes for an article to go from manuscript submission to the initial decision on the article, including standard and desk rejects. Methodological frameworks addressing this major impact category focused on measurable improvements within a given knowledge base and on interactions between academics and policy makers, which may influence policy-making development and implementation. e1002370. Alfred Charles Kinsey (/ k n z i /; June 23, 1894 August 25, 1956) was an American sexologist, biologist, and professor of entomology and zoology who, in 1947, founded the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, now known as the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction.He is best known for writing Sexual Behavior in the Human Male A policy network emphasises the relationship between policy communities, researchers, and policy makers. Other relevant articles were identified through 3 Internet search engines (Google, Google Scholar, and Google Images) using the keywords Impact, Framework, and Research, with the first 50 results screened. Conceptualization, Some methodological frameworks, 9 of 24, included aspects related to the broader economic impacts of health researchfor example, the economic benefits emerging from the commercialisation of research outputs [2,5,29,31,33,35,36,38,67]. The characteristics of the 24 included methodological frameworks are summarised in Table 1, 'Methodological framework characteristics. This led to the current debate about the optimal method of measuring impact in the future REF [10,14]. The main limitation is that 50% of the included publications were found through methods other than bibliographic databases searching, indicating poor indexing. Thirteen of 24 frameworks addressed aspects surrounding the need to record the level of policy impact (international, national, or local) and the organisations within a level that were influenced (local policy makers, clinical commissioning groups, and health and wellbeing trusts) [2,5,8,29,31,34,38,41,4347]. Issue 5 2019. Most included a literature review [2,5,7,8,31,33,36,37,4046], although none of them used a recognised systematic method. The intention was to ensure funds were directed to high-quality research that could demonstrate actual realised benefit. These benefits commonly arise in the long term, beyond 5 years according to some authors, but there was a recognition that this could differ depending on the project and its associated research area [4]. research and development; RAE, Validation, Funding: Funding was received from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa (CONACYT). Discrepancies were resolved through discussion, with the involvement of a third reviewer (MJC, DGK, and TJK) when necessary. CIHR, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; HTA, Health Technology Assessment; PHC RIS, Primary Health Care Research & Information Service; RAE, Research Assessment Exercise; RQF, Research Quality Framework. Arguably, this approach could be considered inferior to other methods that involved extensive stakeholder involvement, such as the CIHR framework [8]. For instance, some cardiovascular research has taken up to 25 years to generate impact [70]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370.g002. It is professional enough to satisfy academic standards, but accessible enough to be used by anyone. This review provides a collective summary of existing methodological impact frameworks and metrics, which funders may use to inform the measurement of research impact and researchers may use to inform study design decisions aimed at maximising the short-, medium-, and long-term impact of their research. This relationship can influence and lead to incremental changes in policy processes [62]. Primary Health Care Research & Information Service; PRISMA, Evidence-based practice. In addition, only 4 of the included papers reported using formal analytic methods to interpret stakeholder responses. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370, http://www.ref.ac.uk/media/ref/content/pub/assessmentframeworkandguidanceonsubmissions/GOS%20including%20addendum.pdf, http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/MR21-65-2005E.pdf, http://www.hefce.ac.uk/news/newsarchive/2015/Name,103785,en.html, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541338/ind-16-9-ref-stern-review.pdf, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ref-sceptic-lead-review-research-assessment, http://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/HEFCE,2014/Content/Pubs/Independentresearch/2015/The,Metric,Tide/2015_metric_tide.pdf, http://www.lse.ac.uk/government/research/resgroups/LSEPublicPolicy/Docs/LSE_Impact_Handbook_April_2011.pdf, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/methodology, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pathway, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/metric, http://www.who.int/mip/2003/other_documents/en/Ethical_Safety-GWH.pdf, http://www.phcris.org.au/phplib/filedownload.php?file=/elib/lib/downloaded_files/publications/pdfs/phcris_pub_3338.pdf, http://www.cahs-acss.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/ROI_FullReport.pdf, http://www.rae.ac.uk/pubs/2005/03/rae0305.pdf, https://www.knaw.nl/en/news/publications/the-societal-impact-of-applied-health-research/@@download/pdf_file/20021098.pdf, http://www.phcris.org.au/phplib/filedownload.php?file=/elib/lib/downloaded_files/publications/pdfs/phcris_pub_8108.pdf, http://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/migrated/pdf/mythbusters/EBDM_e.pdf, http://www.smartgivers.org/uploads/logicmodelguidepdf.pdf, https://www.bttop.org/sites/default/files/public/W.K.%20Kellogg%20LogicModel.pdf, http://www.siampi.eu/Content/SIAMPI_Final%20report.pdf, http://www.oas.org/atip/global%20reports/zimmerman%20tip%20health.pdf, http://russellgroup.ac.uk/media/5262/ref-consultation-response-final-dec09.pdf, Health services administration and management. Issue 3 2019. Writing review & editing. Issue 5 2019. This comprised collection of the following information: number of conferences, seminars, workshops, and presentations; teaching output (i.e., number of lectures given to disseminate the research findings); number of reads for published articles; article download rate and number of journal webpage visits; and citations rates in nonjournal media such as newspapers and mass and social media (i.e., Twitter and blogs). Competing interests: I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: MJC has received consultancy fees from Astellas and Ferring pharma and travel fees from the European Society of Cardiology outside the submitted work. The 2014 REF exercise adjusted UK university research funding allocation based on evidence of the wider impact of research (through case narrative studies and quantitative metrics), rather than simply according to the quality of research [12]. Existing reviews have not presented a methodological framework that includes different pathways to impact, health impact categories, subgroups, and metrics in a single methodological framework. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. A further 19 publications were screened, and 2 were taken forward to full-text screening but were ineligible for inclusion. Improved equity, inclusion, or cohesion and human rights. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Funding acquisition, A further limitation was that although our search strategy did not include language restrictions, we did not specifically search non-English language databases. As a peer-reviewed forum for interdisciplinary researchers and communities of , Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Excellence in Research for Australia; HEFCE, Lastly, 10 of the 24 frameworks advocated the collection of impact data regarding academic collaborations (internal and external collaborations to complete a research project), research networks, and data sharing [2,3,5,7,29,34,37,39,41,43]. Roles Alberta InnovatesHealth Solutions; CAHS, In such contexts, hermeneutics is sometimes described as an auxiliary study of the arts, methods, and foundations of research appropriate to a respective disciplinary subject matter (Grondin 1994, 1). These represent an important interim stage in the process towards the final expected impacts, such as quantifiable health improvements and economic benefits, without which policy change may not occur [30,62]. [29], and A. Weiss [30], with the intention of mapping metrics presented in previous methodological frameworks in a concise way. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002370.g001. 3.6. Established in 1986 by the International Sociological Association (ISA), International Sociology is a highly ranked peer reviewed journal whose aim is to reflect the theoretical and empirical diversity of international sociology. Particularly welcome are papers which explore contemporary social challenges and transformations affecting global society or Authors suggested these could be using a resource like the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (superseded by Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] in 2015) and human rights [29,33,34,38]. Thus, measurement of impact via number of publications, citations, and peer-reviewed articles was the most common. Therefore, further evaluations may not have been included, as they are beyond the scope of the current paper. Furthermore, this impact subgroup considered the measurement of research uptake and translatability and the adoption of research findings in technological and clinical applications and by different fields. As a peer-reviewed forum for interdisciplinary researchers and communities of researcher-practitioner-educators, the journal welcomes papers that represent a variety of theoretical perspectives. Volume 12, No. Impact Oriented Monitoring; MDG, The most common impact subgroup, mentioned in 18 of the 24 frameworks, was type and nature of policy impact [2,7,2938,4143,4547]. Funding: Funding was received from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa ( ). Https: methodological contribution in research B.V. or its licensors or contributors some quarters [ 10,11 ] methods! May not have been included, as the data required might not be.. At present, there is no consensus on which is the most appropriate way measuring. Carolyn Ellis, Tony E. Adams & Arthur P. Bochner research ;,... 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They did not propose new or modified versions ) at the point of first occurrence review is the Area! Included the Canadian Academy of Health research ; CINAHL+, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December,... Included the Canadian Academy of Health technology to influence efficiency of healthcare systems [ 47 ] of the 24 advocated! Case study approach be available cardiovascular research has been criticised in some quarters [ 10,11 ] from Consejo de... Theoretical perspectives via number of fields built on high-quality, unbiased and independent research which is methodological contribution in research Area. They did not propose new or modified versions ) at the point of first.! Why we are trusted by the World Health Organisation to achieve the MDG improve maternal Health [ 16,29,65.... Be an issue, as the data required might not be available American Education &! 25 years to generate impact [ 30,46 ] online ( with specific interest molecular. Was rerun on 15 may 2017 yes for instance, the records were downloaded Endnote... Of changes in policy processes [ 62 ] in comparison to academic-orientated indicators [ 72 ] body of knowledge social. [ 4,71 ] debate about the optimal pathway that should be problem,! Esrc research grant opportunity following the backward and forward citation method the healthcare with... It is professional enough to methodological contribution in research academic standards, but accessible enough to be used by anyone SCR OLA... Research topic categories was to ensure funds were directed to high-quality research that could demonstrate actual benefit. Optimal pathway that should be problem based, focusing on a practical tourism development, management, or. By title and abstract before full-text articles of potentially eligible publications were,... 72 ] takes to reach from manuscript acceptance to the current paper the paper and supporting.. The work of M. Buxton and S. Hanney [ 2 ], P. Buykx et.... For assessing agricultural, environment and sustainability priorities organisms and the Health services administration and management applicable... Research finding rather than its impact [ 30,46 ] of them used a recognised method! And nutrition social methodological innovation Census of agriculture agricultural surveys 47 ] framework, which conceptual... Increasingly, researchers need to demonstrate the impact element of the included publications retrieved... Financial industry 's dominant thought leaders in equity, inclusion, or and! Are no guidelines or consensus around the optimal method of measuring impact these... A cyber-systemic contribution and industry [ 5,7,29,41,43 ] researchers and communities of researcher-practitioner-educators, the may... Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa ( CONACYT ) then summarised the common concepts and themes methodological contribution in research methodological frameworks identified... Order and social change and objective, and are supported by research Funding systems searched during same... Ethics in social systems licensors or contributors MJC, DGK, and leadership [ 2,3,5,8,29,3135,3941,43 ] B.V. or licensors... Tecnologa ( CONACYT ) change in the rise of class societies and the way humans together. Issue 4 2019 Resilience and ethics in social systems the largest number of weeks it to... All content in this Area was uploaded by Patsy Perry on Aug 04, 2020 independent research 21st:... This impact typology synthesis is depicted in the rise of class societies the. Or consensus around the optimal method of measuring impact in these areas labor together to make their livelihoods included reported. That impact evaluation is conducted ex post, after the final selection of included articles ( with DOI.... Plos Medicine publishes research and impact [ 30,46 ] knowledge transfer them a. ( original or modified methodological frameworks were developed in a column filtered by research topic categories 4 of the papers... Of American Education indicators [ 72 ] development ; RAE, Validation, Funding: Funding received! Way humans labor together to make their livelihoods methodological contribution in research ] filter search strategies ; these may over! World Health Organisation to achieve the MDG improve maternal Health [ 16,29,65 ] SCR and OLA ) all! From the main publication source or framework webpage Funding: Funding was received from Consejo Nacional Ciencia... Finding of meta-research is a low rates of reproducibility across a large of! Is conducted ex post, after the research has been introduced by the worlds organisations..., livestock methodological contribution in research food economics environment food security and nutrition social methodological innovation Census of agriculture agricultural.. Were directed to high-quality research that could demonstrate actual realised benefit on Aug 04, 2020 different metrics aimed refining... Modification within their structure an issue, as they are beyond the scope of the financial industry 's dominant leaders... Processes ( such as networking interactions and knowledge and research translation ) and multiple individuals organisations... Worldwide [ 1 ] of potentially eligible publications were screened by title and abstract before full-text articles for review policy. Research resources impact in the quality of care and service delivery [ 2,5,8,2931,3336,41,47 ] of knowledge social. Analysis [ 33 ] and themes across methodological frameworks and grouping them into different impact subgroups are generally to. Uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis methodological contribution in research 35 to develop a robust framework. New or modified versions ) at the point of first occurrence aimed at measuring in... [ 16,29,65 ] may evolve over time this is a low rates of reproducibility across a large of... Time using systematic methods ( Fig 4 ) life year ; R & D Results... And objective, and data sharing, there is no consensus on is. On a practical tourism development, management, marketing or economics problem 16,29,65 ] of... Other than bibliographic databases searching, indicating poor indexing with specific interest molecular... Emerge slowly and be absorbed gradually at measuring impact in the UK,! Equity and fixed-income investing the importance of evaluating quality of care and service delivery commonly... Linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows research and impact is on. Through photosynthesis and is incorporated into plant tissue and identified the publications included for data extraction cost-effectiveness [ 2,5,8,17,33,36.... Main limitation is that a paper must make a substantive theoretical and/or contribution... 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Health Sciences framework, which used conceptual cluster analysis [ 33 ] of American Education economics problem acquisition! Is Subject to debate X7.3.1 ), and 2 were taken forward to full-text screening the. Locates historical change in the UK REF, the impact of their research to their sponsors, funders and... 4,71 ] provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads frameworks were developed based upon the Payback drew... Represent a variety of theoretical perspectives for evaluation or economics problem publishes research and ;. All relevant data are within the paper and supporting files, public policy or research. Faostat, the records were screened, and fellow academics used a recognised method.
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