observation of wind energy project

Because the location of maximum wind center (11N, 110E) due to funnel effect in the summertime is relatively far from the Bac Lieu region and the extended region is to the north, the maximum wind speed in August over Bac Lieu region (Figure 11) is not due to funnel effect but the strengthening of the dominated large-scale southwest monsoon in August (Figures. The parameters are then used to construct wind power density at all levels. Wind speeds significantly decrease to about 23m s1 at about (15N, 109E) (Figure 12(c)), when it reaches the coastal boundary due to the combined effect of friction and orographic blocking. This is an open access article distributed under the, https://www.irena.org/publications/2015/Jun/Renewable-Energy-Capacity-Statistics-2015, http://globalchange.mit.edu/publication/15634, https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/MOIT_Vietnam_Wind_Atlas_Report_18Mar2011.pdf. C. M. Tran, Climate and General Meteorology, Hanoi National University Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2007, (in Vietnamese). At all levels, the annual highest mean wind speed occurs in the coastal regions of Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, and Ben Tre provinces. The results also suggest that the eastern coastal regions of SV within 1020km distance from the coast, including Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, and Ben Tre provinces, have the most potential to exploit wind energy. While some of these investments are targeted at a specific sector, many of them are relevant across all wind applications: land-based utility-scale, offshore, and distributed wind. 29, pp. Wind power density of a region can be determined using the probability distribution function of wind speed [7, 35, 36]. 1-2, pp. The project logic aimed at connecting environmental impact assessment for the various energy resources with existing observation systems, developing an integrated, distributed observation capacity and demonstrating its applicability in a number of pilot-projects. A wind speed adjustment scheme was constructed to adjust WRF-simulated wind speed with observation to reduce systematic overestimating wind speed of the model. At higher levels of 150200m above ground, the zone of high values of potential wind energy can be extended to 4050km from the coast. To assess the potential of wind energy in a region, it is essential to investigate the wind speed properties in the region. High-resolution (2km) WRF data of a two-year period from January 2016 to December 2017 were collected. Data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analyses (FNL) at one-degree horizontal resolution were used to initialize the WRF model. The probability density function p() and a cumulative probability function P() of the Weibull distribution are defined as follows [36]:where c and k are the Weibull shape and scale parameters, respectively, and is the wind speed. Both annual and diurnal cycles of wind speeds were well simulated by the model. 110, 2014. The mean bias of the WRF simulation is about 2ms1. Wind energy is energy obtained from the force of the wind. This state-of-the-art software tool provides a computer-generated environment where researchers and engineers can test ideas, including potentially disruptive technology, before moving forward with development. In this study, the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model was used to simulate and investigate diurnal and annual variations of wind speed and wind power density over Southern Vietnam at 2km horizontal resolution for two years (2016 and 2017). Wind power density P/A will be calculated from coefficients c and k of Weibull function as follows:where is gamma function and is air density. The FNL data are also used for model verification and analysis of wind speed distribution on the grid. 16, pp. Denmark, Forskningscenter Risoe. 30773107, 1989. 2, pp. Learn more about recent A2e news. This paper tries to identify the risks in related off-shore wind energy project, in order to specify which variables have the . 105113, 2010. As demonstrated through the A2e initiative, WETO often partners with other DOE offices, government agencies, universities, and industry members to assess and characterize U.S. wind resources. The two months were selected because February (August) has the strongest wind speed in observation in winter (summer) time. AWAKEN The model initial and boundary conditions are from the NCEP Final Analyses (FNL). C. Mattar and D. Borvarn, Offshore wind power simulation by using WRF in the central coast of Chile, Renewable Energy, vol. Wind speed distribution over land is totally different between night time (Figure 11(c)) and daytime (Figure 10(d)) during summer. The EPC is responsible for engineering and design, procurement of wind turbines and other balance of plant equipment and materials, and . Using targeted wind observations and advanced forecast models and algorithms, this research helps system operators anticipate the electrical output of wind energy plants and, in turn, help manage the contribution of wind energy to electricity grids. This work was funded by the project titled Study and Assessment Emissions and the Effects of Radioactive from Changjiang and Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plants to Vietnam with Project No. Simulated wind speeds are verified against FNL analysis and observation at Bac Lieu station. The scatter plot of model vs. observed sorted wind speed (Figure 3(b)) shows that after bias correction, wind speeds were well adjusted. Black wind vectors for each wind regime with the maximum wind speed denote the largest vectors at the maximum wind center over ocean. In 2012, the first wind power plant was installed in Binh Thuan. To exploit wind energy, the most important step is to assess the wind energy potential, which is expressed under a type of kinetic energy. The model initial and boundary conditions are from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analyses (FNL). Schematic diagram of monsoon-land-ocean interaction and its effects on wind speeds over SV region for (a) winter regime and (b) summer regime. The wind speeds are classified into 14 groups with 1m s1 interval. The too strong simulated wind speed may due to the WRF model itself or the fact that wind speed in FNL input is too strong, compared to observation. KC.05.07/16-20 under the National Science and Technology Program Period 20162020: Applied Research and Energy Technology Development. This research was also partially supported by the VAST.CTG.01/1719l project, Centre for Informatics and Computing, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology; the National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under Project no. 641650, 2014. Wind resource maps provide wind energy developers and policy makers with a seamless representation of estimated U.S. wind speeds at various turbine hub heights on land and offshore. In addition, the exit region is over ocean with small friction. 28, no. The usable potential of wind energy is evaluated to be 301012 kWh/year [2]. The National Offshore Wind Research and Development Consortium (NOWRDC), which was established with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), has selected five new projects to receive a total of $3.5 million for ocean coexistence and transmission. This research, in turn, allows wind power plant operators to provide a clean, renewable, domestic power supply to businesses and homeowners at lower costs, while reliably integrating wind energy into the nation's power grids. As 2021 draws to a close, the Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) is reflecting on our R&D, recent achievements, and recognitions, and getting ramped up for a new year of possibilities for wind energy. 136, no. U.S. Department of Energy's Annual Wind Technologies Market Report reviews the price of wind power in the U.S. and describes trends in installed wind project costs, wind turbine transaction prices, project performance, and operations and maintenance expenses. Another A2e effort, ExaWind is an open-source suite of codes designed for multifidelity simulation of wind turbines and wind farms. Table 3 shows that the simulated wind data frequency and probability densities calculated from the Weibull function at Bac Lieu station reasonably agree well with those of observation. For land-basedandoffshore wind resource maps, see DOEs WINDExchange website. Combined, the potential of offshore wind and floating offshore wind represents enough energy to cover three times the U.S. annual electricity consumption. The American WAKE experimeNta massive data collection effort funded by WETOcould help U.S. wind farms produce more energy, increase profits, and, eventually, reduce electricity prices for consumers. The Weibull scale parameters computed from simulated and observed wind are 3.73 and 3.79, respectively (Table 2). 20, pp. Wind speed values are mostly in the range of 1.5 to 5.5m s1 for both observation and simulation. Bac Lieu station data can be requested at http://www.igp-vast.vn/index.php/en. In winter, while wind at night is relatively strong over open ocean with a mean wind speed of about 4.5 to 6.5m s1, the wind is almost calm over land with a mean wind speed of about 2ms1 or less (Figure 10(a)). Wind speed rapidly decreased from coast to inland due to larger surface friction over land than over the ocean. 12(b) and 12(d)). The Notice of Availability for the Revolution Wind DEIS published in the Federal Register on September 2, 2022, opening a 45-day public comment period, which ended at 11:59 p . Alpha is calculated as follows: The values of as a function of wind speeds are shown in Figure 3(a). In the northern region, the mean wind speeds are low because of the far distance from the ocean. Deliberate solar observation began thousands of years ago. T. P. Chang, Performance comparison of six numerical methods in estimating Weibull parameters for wind energy application, Applied Energy, vol. In this work, the WRF Model Version 3 was used to simulate and investigate the diurnal and annual variation of wind speeds and wind power density over the SV region. 3, pp. To reduce the systematic bias in WRF-simulated wind speed, an empirical scheme for wind speed adjustment was constructed. In February, the northeast wind is almost perpendicular to the mountain and coastal lines of central Vietnam. INTRODUCTION Over the last several years wind-energy production has increased world-wide. The summer monsoon is onset when the trade winds from Southern Hemisphere flow through the equator and change direction to be southwesterly [25, 27]. As shown in Section 3.1, the high-resolution WRF model is much better than the FNL analysis data in regenerating wind speed at Bac Lieu station. Although FNL data are at the 10m level, the FNL wind speeds are significantly stronger than simulated and observed wind speeds at the 20m level. Wind data at 20m height with a time interval of one minute at Bac Lieu station for the same period were used for model bias correction and to investigate the diurnal and annual variation of wind speed in the research area. The wind energy industry has been experiencing financial impacts caused by the challenges and difficulties in predicting energy-production losses and uncertainties over the lifetime of a modern wind project, which can continue to operate beyond 20 years: 11651173, 2012. J. S. Kain and J. M. Fritsch, Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: the kain-fritsch scheme, The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, vol. The dark-green color denotes Truong Son Mountain Range (TSMR) and Central Highlands (CHL). Data Archive and PortalThe Data Archive and Portal, or DAP, serves as a repository for all data collected through A2e research and is accessible through an open, secure, and easy-to-navigate user interface. The region with a relatively stronger wind speed of 34m s1 reaches 4060km inland from the coast (Figure 10(b)). 350353, 1978. The yellow color indicates landmass. Although the maps provide overall pictures of wind energy resources for the region of Vietnam, to exploit wind energy or evaluate wind energy potential at a specific location of Vietnam, further analyses based on more intensive observation and higher resolution dynamical models should be conducted. Offshore Wind Research Lidar Buoys In addition to funding support from WETO, DOE laboratories have partnered with the National Offshore Wind R&D Consortium and the U.S. Department of the Interiors Bureau of Ocean Energy Management to develop new, precise, and reliable methods for documenting meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) conditions. Typically, assessments of land availability for wind power use legal and technical criteria to estimate the potential for wind power expansion. 110, 2017. Observed and simulated wind speeds show a significant annual cycle. Commonwealth Wind, also owned by Avangrid, is the largest project, with plans to generate 1,232 megawatts enough to power 700,000 homes and businesses, according to the company. Projects developed in the area could one day power 1.5 million homes, according to Interior. As shown in Section 2 and Figure 3, the adjustment method is applied to adjust wind speed for every single wind speed value at any grid point at any level in the lowest 200m of the boundary layer. 623628, 1995. Pakistan Science club made many projects . This brochure describes the R&D efforts needed for wind energy to meet 20% of the U.S. electrical demand by 2030. The relatively strong wind speed in summertime over the SV region is due to the strengthening of the dominated large-scale southwest monsoon (Figure 14(b)). In 2021, wind turbines operating in all 50 states generated more than 9% of the net total of the country's energy. Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. These pilots focussed on 4 energy resources: fossil fuel, biomass, solar and wind . Deutsches Zentrum fr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., eLib - DLR electronic library Wind energy, as one of the most-widely utilized renewable energy sources, has gained wide acceptance due to its environmental responsibility and abundant availability. Report summarizes presentations and discussions that occurred during the Workshop on Research Needs for Offshore Wind Resource Characterization. At levels below 100m, only regions with a distance of 1020km from the coast have relatively high values of potential wind energy. The reducing wind speeds are presented by smaller arrows. Observations and Simulations of a Wind Farm Modifying a Thunderstorm Outflow Boundary Following a June 2019 thunderstorm near Lubbock, Texas, radar observations showed that the storm's outflowor rain-cooled air radiating outward from the stormexperienced a notable reduction in ground-relative velocity after interacting with a wind farm. 14051413, 2007. 2020's most notable wind energy research and development accomplishments. It can be seen that both the histogram of wind speed and fitting Weibull function of the simulated winds agreed well with observation. 75, 2011. Wind Energy Projects Turning Toward the Future: LPO investments harness the power of the wind from Hawaii to Maine All information up-to-date as of June 2017 Loan Amount represents the approximate amount of the loan facility at closing including principal and any capitalized interest Kahuku loan fully repaid in February 2015 WIND ENERGY PORTFOLIO The one-minute data are used to compute hourly data for comparison with model simulation. A. N. Hahmann, A. P. Diaz, and J. C. Hansen, WRF mesoscale pre-run for the wind atlas of Mexico department of wind energy e report 2016, 2016. I can explain how wind is produced and what makes for a good wind energy site. The high-pressure anomaly results in reducing wind speed over nearshore and coastal regions of central Vietnam due to the orographic blocking effect. The total wind power production of the high potential area alone is about 3572MW [11]. The spatial distributions of wind power density (Figure 8) are very similar to those of wind speeds (Figure 7). And the wind farm project still very much in its infancy managed to survive. DOE's A2e research initiative is focused on improving the performance and reliability of wind power plants by establishing an unprecedented understanding of how the Earths atmosphere interacts with wind power plants and developing technologies to maximize energy harnessed from wind. 117, pp. Tool designed to prioritize solar and wind power sites without active leases or concerns about wildlife habitat or cultural resources The Washington State Department of Natural Resources is launching a first-of-its-kind interactive map to responsibly site clean energy development on state trust lands. To construct wind power density maps, based on the observed wind speed from 2016 to 2017, Weibulls shape and scale parameters, c and k, are firstly calculated. The mean wind speeds at the provinces are about 3.54.5m s1 at 20m level; 4.05.5m s1 at 50m level; 5.06.0m s1 at 100m level; 5.57.0m s1 at 200m level (Figure 7). With high (2km) resolution, in spite of overestimating wind speed, WRF produces much better wind speed in comparison to FNL data, especially in wintertime. L. V. Luu, L. V. Huy, P. X. Thanh, and H. H. Son, Investigation and assessment of wind power potentiality at phuoc Hoa (Binh Dinh), Journal of Sciences of the Earth, vol. Figure 10 presents the mean of wind speed (m s1) at 20m level in the Southern Vietnam region in winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) for at night (05LT) and daytime (14LT) regimes. M. R. Islam, N. A. Rahim, K. H. Solangi, and R. Saidur, Assessing wind energy potentiality for selected sites in Malaysia, Energy Education Science and Technology Part A, vol. The too strong wind speed in FNL suggested that the FNL product should not be directly used for wind resource assessment; a downscale model simulation is required. Wind speed is much stronger during daytime than at nighttime. The project developer often appoints the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor through in-house capacity or hires a firm specializing in EPC, and identifies the preferred power off-taker. Adjusted model wind speeds are used for wind power density calculation. Results will help wind power plant operators make investment and siting decisions. After 31 years at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Wind Energy Program Manager Will Shaw has retired. At higher levels of 150200m above ground level, the zone of high potential wind energy of about 200250W m2 can be extended to 4050km from the coast. 165170, 1993. To further see the advantages of high-resolution simulation over the SV region, simulated wind speeds from the WRF model are compared with those of FNL analysis on grids. 88, 2005. Through a wind turbine that transforms the kinetic energy of air currents into electrical energy. The buoys use atmospheric and oceanographic measurement capabilities to capture data, such as wind speed at multiple heights, wind directions, buoy positions, air and sea surface temperatures, ocean current speeds and directions, and wave heights and directions. The possible high values in wind power density on Figure 8(e) should be considered and verified in the future when observed wind data at the 200m above ground level are available. As wind energy becomes In fact, there is a high-pressure anomaly with the value of 1.5hPa to 4hPa located over Vietnam mainland and coastal regions, along 10.5N to 20.5N (Figure 12(c)). The anemometer model is the Davis 6163 Wireless Vantage Pro2 Plus with a wind speed measure range of 1.067.0m s1 and an accuracy of 1m s1 (or 5%, whichever is greater). Day 8: . That same year, investments in new wind projects added $20 billion to the U.S. economy. This unit, which includes both a pre and post test on wind power engages students by allowing them to explore connections between wind energy and other forms of energy. F. J. Santos-Alamillos, D. Pozo-Vzquez, J. The same process is applied for wind speeds at all grid points in the 2km domain to construct wind speed and wind energy maps at different levels from surface to 200m. Because of limitations in data at meteorological wind tower, maps of the spatial distribution of wind speeds at different levels in the lower boundary are important for wind resource assessment. The annual cycle of wind speed shows two maxima: one in February with a monthly mean wind of about 4.6m s1; the other in August with a monthly mean wind of about 3.6m s1. 33, pp. Over An Giang, Dong Thap, and Can Tho provinces, the values are as low as about 80100W m2 (Figure 8(c)). For the wind farm to function, a new industrialized port capable of providing all the necessary services enough electricity for more than two million homes for so massive an energy project. The wind speed map is based on the outputs of the MesoMap model and wind data observed at 40m height at Quy Nhon, Vietnam, and other stations at 10m height from the Hydrometeorology network system in Vietnam. During the day, the mean wind speed near the coastal region reaches 4.5 to 5.5m s1. 88, 2016, http://www.osti.gov/scitech Available electronically at SciTech Connect. The wind power density along the river higher than the surroundings has values from 40W m2 to 70W m2 in river areas (Figure 8(a)). Over the western coastal region, the values of the wind power density are about 200250W m2. The model also simulates strong wind speeds associated with Truong Son Mountain Range (from 11.5N to 19N; 104E to 108E) with wind speed stronger than 6m s1 (Figures 12(c) and 12(d)) which is not seen in the FNL data (Figures 12(a) and 1212(b)). The A2e initiative pursues an integrated research portfolio to coordinate and optimize advancements in four main research areas: The goal of A2e is to ensure future plants are sited, built, and operated in a way that produces the most cost-effective, usable electric power. Forrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20585, Map from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Yet newer vintages of wind plants have recorded capacity factors that are ~25% larger than plants built close to 2010. The 2022 Offshore Wind Resource Assessment conducted by DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) determined that offshore wind has 1.5 terawatts of fixed-bottom technical resource potential and 2.8 terawatts of floating offshore wind energy technical resource potential across eight areas in the contiguous United States. 46, no. P. Diaz and A. N. H. Hahmann, South baltic wind atlas: south baltic offshore wind energy regions project roskilde: danmarks tekniske universitet, ris nationallaboratoriet for bredygtig energi. It can be seen that both original WRF and FNL data overestimate wind speeds at Bac Lieu (Figure 4). Maximum simulated wind speed occurs at about 15 LT, whereas the observed one is at about 14 LT. Results from this work suggest that over Southern Vietnam, the eastern coastal regions of Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, and Ben Tre have the most potential to exploit wind energy. Based on an extensive research on more than 20 studies, this study explores the risks associated with off-shore wind energy in Persian Gulf in Iran. New land-based maps are available for Missouri and Tennessee, and new offshore maps are available for Texas-Louisiana, North Carolina-South Carolina, and Mississippi-Alabama-Georgia-Florida. 272282, 2011. The wind farm . Wonders of Wind Teacher Guide - The NEED Project - National Energy . 105.06-2016.12 titled A study on the role of terrain effect and dynamic forcing on mechanism for occurrence of heavy rainfall events in Vietnam by the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model; the project titled Development of the operational system for quantitative precipitation forecasting over the Southern Vietnam and heavy rainfall now-casting for Ho Chi Minh City, Code: KC.08.14/16-20; the FIRST-IGP Subproject (No. Figure 12 presents mean wind speeds from FNL analysis (Figures 12(a) and 12(b)) at one-degree resolution and WRF model at 18km resolution (Figures 12(c) and 12(d)) in February (top) and August (bottom). At night, the entire Southern Vietnam region, except over river areas, has a wind speed less than 2m s1 (Figure 10(c)). The correlation is 0.82. Mean wind speeds are rapidly increased with height due to the reduction in the effect of surface friction with height in the lower boundary layer. It can be seen that the simulated wind speeds at Bac Lieu station at all levels from the surface to 200m almost exactly follow the best fitting logarithm function (Figure 6). 395400, 2012. At 20m height (Figure 8(a)), the mean wind power density at Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, and Ben Tre ranges from 60 to 120W m2. The Energy Department's Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) invests in applied energy science research and development (R&D) activities that enable industry technological innovation and deployment. 23752387, 2008. The author showed that Vietnam has good potential wind energy with about 31,000km2 of inland area that can be available for exploiting wind energy, of which there is about 865km2 of high potential wind energy at the cost of 6 US cent per kWh. D. Carvalho, A. Rocha, M. Gmez-Gesteira, and C. Silva Santos, Sensitivity of the WRF model wind simulation and wind energy production estimates to planetary boundary layer parameterizations for onshore and offshore areas in the Iberian Peninsula, Applied Energy, vol. With funding from the U.S. Department of the Interiors Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory deployed the buoys off the California coast, where they gathered meteorological and oceanographic measurements to support Bureau of Ocean Energy Management decisions on potential leasing of wind energy sites. The main goal of the project was to update the previous wind energy resource Atlas of Southeast Asia (2001) using the latest available wind measurements. As one of the first U.S. projects to use larger, more efficient turbines, Granite Reliable is a pioneering American wind farm. 11, pp. A wind generator is a machine that takes the forces in wind and changes them into power. Because wind speed in the low boundary layer increases with height, the wind speed at the 20m level should be stronger than that at the 10m level. The total annual kinetic energy of air movement in the atmosphere is around 31015 kWh, which can be equivalent to 0.2% of the solar energy reaching the Earth. Figure 11 illustrates the monthly mean of observed and simulated wind speeds at Bac Lieu station in 2016. Wind energy is an increasingly important contribution to the market of the worlds electricity. In Southern Vietnam (SV), other than dividing one year into four seasons (winter, summer, fall, and spring) based mainly on temperature, there is another definition of seasons in SV based on rainfall in which one year is divided into two seasons including dry season (November to April) with much less or no rainfall and wet season (May to October) with much more rainfall. The following are some of the research efforts conducted under the A2e initiative. 2334, 2012. The percentage probability for each wind class i can be defined as follows: The cumulative probability of wind class will be calculated using the following formula: The coefficients A and B can be calculated using the least-squares method as follows:wher: xi=ln(), yi=ln[ln(1P())]. A. W. S. Truepower, Wind resource atlas of Vietnam, 2011, https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/MOIT_Vietnam_Wind_Atlas_Report_18Mar2011.pdf. Those features are not seen in the FNL data (Figures 13, left). The mapping project gives DNR the opportunity to use existing detailed The relatively strong wind speeds over river regions due to less friction are also simulated in 2km resolution simulation in both winter (Figure 13, top-right) and summer (Figure 13, bottom-right). It can be seen that wind speeds greater than 4m s1 also have similar values of systematic errors to those at lower wind speeds. The U.S. wind industry installed 13,413 megawatts (MW) of new wind capacity in 2021, bringing the cumulative total to 135,886 MW. Due to the coarse resolution, FNL analysis is not able to present small-scale wind patterns over land. 33, no. Observation of wind energy and it's application Get the answers you need, now! Alpha is an empirical parameter for wind speed adjustment at a grid point to make sure that the wind speed is not negative after adjustment. In the winter months (December, January, February), FNL wind speed (Figure 4, blue) is almost double the observed values (Figure 4, purple). Red contours are pressure anomalies due to the orographic blocking effect. In a new journal article, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory explore the potential energy justice implications of both solar and wind energy project siting patterns. A total of 731 high-resolution, 36-hour model runs are conducted. The low-level wind speed reaches its maximum at about 14 LT to 15 LT when the vertical momentum mixing is the most active. Over the ocean, WRF-simulated wind speeds display similar spatial distribution as the analysis but with more details because of higher resolution. Wind speed and wind power density show much higher values at levels of 50200m above ground levels than near ground (20m) level and significantly higher near the coastal regions than inland. Spectral evolution of a wind-generated wave field is governed by the energy balance equation: (1) in which t is the time, and is the wave energy density corresponding to waves with frequency f propagating in direction , while source terms Si, Sn, and Sd quantify the temporal rate of external contributions to . The color shading regions are local maximum wind speed location due to the funnel effect as a result of monsoon-land-sea interaction. Wind speed has significant annual and diurnal cycles. An 18bn project to connect Britain with a huge wind and solar farm in the Sahara through an undersea cable has been delayed by at least a year because of . The grid FNL data are used as model input. The values are about 100120W m2 in western coastal areas. C. Draxl, A. N. Hahmann, A. Pea, and G. Giebel, Evaluating winds and vertical wind shear from Weather Research and Forecasting Model forecasts using seven planetary boundary layer schemes, Wind Energy, vol. Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power. LPO Illustrated Poster Series: Wind Energy, Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing, BAIF Granite Holdings & Freshet Wind Energy. In addition, interactive maps and geospatial data provide wind supply curves, which characterize the quantity, quality, and cost of land-based and offshore wind energy resources. The report also examines other factors impacting the domestic wind power market, including grid . The global wind Atlas covers entire mainland and 30km shoreline [1]. Wind speeds over the eastern coastal region of SV are much stronger in winter than those in the summer due to stronger large-scale wind speeds in winter than those in summer and funnel effect in a condition of small surface friction over the ocean (Figure 14). The terrain height, land use, and soil type data for the lower boundary conditions of the model are from the USGS global dataset with 24 categories of vegetation data and 17 categories of soil type data. The wind speed anomaly at the exit region of the funnel effect associated with the high-pressure anomaly is in the same direction as the large-scale northeast monsoon winds. I can identify the major components of a wind turbine. The Weibull parameters and wind power density for observation and simulation at Bac Lieu station. The set of maps was created by running the WRF model at a resolution of 3km and then was downscaled to 250m resolution using Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) microscale model. The stronger mean wind in winter in the region may be mainly due to the advection of high-momentum air in a strong wind speed region during the day as a result of the funnel effect in winter as mentioned in the above discussion (Figures 10(b) and 12(c)). This first-of-a-kind exploratory analysis characterizes the future opportunity for behind-the-meter distributed wind. Because the wind data are not available at a high (200m) level, to deal with the uncertainty in wind speed bias correction, Figure 8(e) is to show the possibility of high values in wind power density of about 400440W m2 (Figure 8(e)) in the nearshore region (Figure 8(e)). During the day, with more vertical mixing and more transporting high-momentum air from ocean to mainland, wind speed over land is much stronger (Figure 10(b)) than that at night (Figure 10(a)). The contours on the WRF simulation are SLP anomalies (hPa) from the open ocean SLP at 115E. Mean wind speed at 10m height from FNL data (left) and WRF model at 2km resolution (right) for January (top) and July (bottom). 440448, 2015. Current estimates show that the U.S. land-based wind resource potential spans between 2.2 and 15.1 terawattsa wide range resulting from uncertainties in estimating conditions and assumptions. Inland, over An Giang and Dong Thap provinces, the wind power density is only about 2030W m2. The physical parameterization options (e.g., convective scheme and cloud microphysics) in WRF are represented in Table 1. The degree of adjustment is only dependent on the magnitude of simulated wind speed (Figure 3). The 2022 Offshore Wind Resource Assessment conducted by DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) determined that offshore wind has 1.5 terawatts of fixed-bottom technical resource potential and 2.8 terawatts of floating offshore wind energy technical resource potential across eight areas in the contiguous United States. The studies represent a broad spectrum of research and monitoring to address a variety of environmental concerns and issues. Figure 9 shows the annual mean of hourly wind speeds (m s1) at 20m level at Bac Lieu station for observations (blue) and adjusted simulation (green). 15611578, 2005. The color shading regions are local maximum wind speed locations due to the funnel effect as a result of monsoon-land-sea interaction. 99, no. The adjusted wind speeds from model simulation were used to construct wind speed and wind power density maps for a wind energy assessment. Histogram of wind speed distribution (bar) and Weibull function (line) at Bac Lieu station for (a) observation and (b) simulation. How? The figure shows that wind distributions are significantly affected by friction and topography. By the end of 2018, the total energy of wind power plants installed in Vietnam reached approximately 200MW. Black wind vectors for each wind regime with the maximum wind speed denote by the largest vectors. It can be seen that the model reasonably well simulates wind speed and its diurnal cycle. The anemometer is provided by Davis Instruments Company, USA. 17, no. Wind-energy is now becoming a viable and integral part of the new energy economy. Stay informed by receiving the latest wind energy news, events, and updates. 69, pp. Since Vietnam has more than 3,000km of coastline, there are favorable conditions for wind power development. A set of wind energy maps constructed for 60, 80, and 100m height shows that the areas of high potential wind energy are concentrated mainly in the coastal areas of the southern provinces, between Ho Chi Minh City and Khanh Hoa province. It is difficult to fully explain why the model errors are smaller at night than during the daytime. Texas, in fact, led the U.S. in renewable energy projects in 2021, the American Clean Power Association reported earlier this year, bringing 7,325 megawatts of new wind, solar, and energy storage . In an unstable boundary layer during daytime, the model may more poorly represent physical processes, such as turbulent mixing, radiative transport, or atmosphere-land interaction processes relating to the type of soil. C. G. Justus, W. R. Hargraves, A. Mikhail, and D. Graber, Methods for estimating wind speed frequency distributions, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. After adjustment, WRF-simulated winds at 2km resolution (Figure 4, green) are reasonably well agreed with observation (Figure 4, purple). Download additional maps and wind data sets. 3. The parameter is to make sure that wind speed is less reduced by adjustment to avoid negative value after adjustment. The four nested domains employed in this work with horizontal resolution of 54km (d01), 18km (d02), 6km (d03), and 2km (d04), respectively. This data and numerical modeling are used to update and enhance DOEs Wind Integration National Dataset Toolkitthe most extensive public data set of its kind in the United States. The winter monsoon is strongest in December and January. The shape parameter c describes the skewness of the distribution function, while the scale parameter k has wind speed units and is proportional to the average wind speed calculated from the entire distribution. M. Jamil, S. Parsa, and M. Majidi, Wind power statistics and evaluation of wind energy density, Renewable Energy, vol. In either case, these estimates for wind energy far exceed current U.S. electricity needs. 116126, 2014. The adjustment process is applied for every single wind speed value before wind statistics are calculated. Values of wind power density are larger at coastal region than inland, larger at upper levels than at lower levels (Figure 8). Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of the vertical and horizontal axis. Thus, overall the adjusted method is feasible to apply wind speed higher than 4m s1. In Vietnam, land-sea breezes blow in the coastal region and have a significant influence to 510km inland [27]. Under the sponsorship of the World Bank, the True Wind Solutions (TWS) Company constructed wind speed maps at 30m and 65m height for Vietnam [23]. After bias correction, the model reasonably well simulates wind speeds over the research area. The summer is predominated by southwest winds, whereas the winter is governed by the northeast wind. D. Carvalho, A. Rocha, M. Gmez-Gesteira, and C. Santos, A sensitivity study of the WRF model in wind simulation for an area of high wind energy, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. NREL researchers are working to improve the space and time detail that informs understanding of the nations wind resource potential. Rice fields are within a radius of 200m from the station. 3955, 2014. AWAKEN is designed to gather high-fidelity (highly detailed) observations of wind turbines and power plants operating in representative atmospheric conditions and then use these data to advance the understanding of wind power plant physics. Wind speeds over the eastern coastal region of Southern Vietnam are much stronger in winter than in summer due to two main reasons, including (1) stronger large-scale wind speed in winter than in summer and (2) funnel effect creating a local maximum wind speed over the nearshore ocean which then transports high-momentum air inland in winter. Although the model underestimates wind speeds in the late morning and overestimates wind speeds in the late afternoon, the mean errors of about less than 0.5m s1 are relatively small. Wind energy resource atlas of Southeast Asia, True Wind Solutions, LLC 2001, Wind energy resource atlas of Southeast Asia, Albany, NY, USA, 2001. The results show that the WRF model overestimates wind speeds. Historically, these projects have been utilized to supply local electricity for a variety of applications, including schools, hospitals, businesses, farms, ranches, or community facilities. The wind speed maps at the most common levels for wind energy assessment, including 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 150, and 200m levels, were constructed using adjusted wind speeds for wind resource assessment over the Southern Vietnam region. The local maximum wind region over open ocean makes wind speeds over easterly coastal region strongest in wintertime (Figure 14(a)). Over land, there are some noticeable differences between FNL analysis and WRF model (Figure 12). B. Klemp, J. Dudhia et al., A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 2, National Center for Atmospheric Research Tech, vol. In the northern provinces of the research areas, including An Giang, Dong Thap, Can Tho, and Tien Giang, the wind power density at 200m level ranges from 150 to 180W m2 (Figure 8(d)). The summer monsoon is strongest in July and August. A common approach to estimate potential wind generation from surface wind speed observations involves two steps. Additional WETO efforts supported through federal partnerships include the following. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. WHAT IS WIND ENERGY. Wind data measured at 20m height at the Atmospheric Physics Bac Lieu station (9.299N, 105.711E) were used in this work (Figure 2) for verification and adjustment of simulated wind speed and investigating the diurnal and annual variation of wind speed. ExaWind It can imply that FNL wind speeds at the 20m level (if available) should be more overestimated. I can explain why electricity generated from wind is a good source of energy. 1, pp. Model is initialized every day at 00Z and run for 36hours from January 1st 2016 to December 31st 2017. The strongest wind speed occurs from 13 LT to 15 LT when the air is the most unstable due to heating (Figure 9). The small wind speed is less changed with the adjustment. 16/FIRST/2A/IGP); and the VT-CN.02/1820 project. The location of nearshore wind maximum center moves to the north. In 2011, under the sponsorship of the World Bank, the AWS TruePower company created an updated wind resource Atlas of Vietnam [24]. J. Dudhia, Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 102, no. The Weibull shape parameter (k) from the model simulation is 1.68, which is almost equal to the value of observation (k=1.72). Note that FNL data are not available at the 20m level. The black curve is the best fitting logarithm function of the wind speed profile. There are two main types of wind turbines, horizontal and vertical axis. Over land at about 20km from the western coast in Kien Giang and An Giang provinces, WRF-simulated wind speed in the summer is about 1m s1 stronger than in winter (Figure 13, right). 88, no. 42294244, 2017. 2. 14, pp. At levels below 100m, the wind power density in the coastal region is about 100150W m2. In summer, winds over the ocean (Figures 10(c) and 10(d)) are 12m s1 weaker than those in winter (Figures 10(a) and 10(b)). In partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the WETO-led Wind Forecast Improvement Projects are designed to develop more accurate methods for determining wind forecasts. Next-generation wind power plant technology. 234246, 2014. Renewable Energy Research Completed Studies Atlantic Science Year in Review 2021 This year in review presents the studies completed in 2021 in support of BOEM's Offshore Renewable Energy Program along the Atlantic coast. To avoid the effect of model spin-up time on simulated data quality, the first 12-hour data are not used. DAP facilitates community data access, interaction, and collaboration among wind energy researchers, wind plant developers and owners, wind energy consultants, wind turbine manufacturers, and more. The strong wind region is one of the main reasons to make the observed wind speed over Bac Lieu region reach its annual maximum in February (Figure 11). The red dots mark simulated wind speed at the levels. 92, pp. More disturbances that are not well simulated in current model physics may be one of the reasons for lower quality in wind speed simulation in summertime than in wintertime (Figure 11). The next section of the article will present data and methodology. When developers plan a new wind power plant, they rely on location-specific data regarding wind speed, meteorological patterns, terrain, and other factors to inform siting and design decisions. The highest resolution of the dataset is 30s of longitude (or about 1km). Introduction Wind is a free resource. PMD 248, 2016: Prime Minister, Decision no.428/q-ttg dated mar 21, 2016 on approving the national master plan for power development for the 20112020 period with the vision to 2030, 2016, (In Vietnamese). Figure 6 shows vertical profiles of adjusted wind speeds computed from WRF simulation at Bac Lieu station. D. Carvalho, A. Rocha, M. Gmez-Gesteira, and C. Silva Santos, WRF wind simulation and wind energy production estimates forced by different reanalyses: comparison with observed data for Portugal, Applied Energy, vol. Vertical profiles of adjusted wind speed (m s, Annual mean of simulated wind speeds (m s. Monthly mean of wind speed at 20m level at Bac Lieu station for observations (blue) and simulated (green). Enabling Wind Power Nationwide A. Altunkaynak, T. Erdik, . Dabanl, and Z. en, Theoretical derivation of wind power probability distribution function and applications, Applied Energy, vol. According to the report of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in 2018, wind energy is the second most important renewable source of electric power in the world, only after hydropower [1]. Two 2-D ultrasonic anemometers and one cup anemometer, arranged perpendicularly to the prevailing wind direction, were used to measure the atmospheric wind environment at a height of 4.5 m in the coastal region of Wol-Ryong . It is interesting to see that although the SV region is more affected by the southwest summer monsoon, wind speeds over the eastern coast region and Ca Mau are much stronger in winter (Figure 13, right-top) than in the summer (Figure 13, right-bottom). Observation data for two years at 20m height at Bac Lieu station were used for model bias correction and investigating diurnal and annual variation of wind speeds. In this study, we employed the Weibull distribution function, which has been widely applied to calculate wind energy density [3639]. 1533, 2006. On August 29, 2022, BOEM announced the availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the proposed Revolution Wind Farm project offshore Rhode Island. Both simulation and observation present that wind speeds have a clear diurnal cycle with weak wind speeds of less than 2.5ms1 at night. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory manages two AXYS WindSentinel lidar buoys for offshore wind resource characterization on behalf of WETO. At 200m height, the values of the wind power density at the eastern coastal region range from 260 to 320W m2. Secondly, adjusted wind speeds from the high (2km) resolution simulation are used to investigate the spatial distribution of wind speed and wind power density over Southern Vietnam. Bac Lieu station location is about 10km from the sea. Offshore wind research buoys are equipped with instruments that can take wind speed measurements as high as 250 metersthe height of todays wind turbines. The wind energy potential has been accessed over many regions of the world, both inland and oversea [313]. The wind speed at a particular location can be best determined from measurements by anemometers placed on meteorological towers. Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit At 18km resolution, the WRF model simulates more details on the horizontal distribution of wind speed over land. K. Q. Nguyen, Wind energy in Vietnam: resource assessment, development status and future implications, Energy Policy, vol. 611626, 2011. Kristin Strong, Science Buddies Objective In this project you will use trees to identify good and bad locations for harvesting wind energy. Wind power density is low with values of about 3050W m2 at An Giang, Dong Thap, and Can Tho provinces (Figure 8(b)). 1, pp. 30, pp. The state of New Jersey devised an energy master plan with the goal of achieving 7,500 MW of offshore wind (OSW) energy. P. Mohammadpour, M. H. Malakooti, and M. Satkin, Evaluation of planetary boundary layer simulations for wind resource study in east of Iran, Renewable Energy, vol. 5, pp. 6, no. The difference in mean wind speed at 20m height between adjusted simulated wind speed and observation is 0.1ms1. 12, pp. The dark-green color denotes Truong Son Mountain Range (TSMR) and Central Highlands (CHL). The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is often a bugbear of various energy projects, with reviewseven for renewable projectstaking years before approval. Wind Forecast Improvement Projects The lidar buoy loan program represents an opportunity for organizations with an interest in offshore wind energy to work with DOE and PNNL. Observed wind speed during the day is almost double the values at night. Due to the high cost of wind measurement, simulated winds from mesoscale numerical models are also utilized to assess the wind power potential over large areas [10, 1420]. The wind power density at the western coastal areas of Ca Mau and Kien Giang ranges from 40 to 70W m2. Finally, observed and simulated wind speeds were used to investigate the diurnal and annual cycle of wind speeds in the region. DSIREinsight's subscription services focus on distributed solar, grid modernization and energy storage, and electric vehicles, as well as . Report shows how the United States can unlock the vast potential for wind energy deployment in all 50 states. The anemometer has been calibrated by the Inspection Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The model simulates better wind speeds at night than during the day. W. Musial, D. Heimiller, P. Beiter, G. Scott, and C. Draxl, Offshore wind energy resource assessment for the united states, vol. It can be used to make electrical power. N. Duc Luong, A critical review on potential and current status of wind energy in Vietnam, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. At 100m height, in eastern coastal regions, the mean wind power density ranges from 200 to 250Wm2. The WRF model was configured with four nested domains in two-way nesting mode. Figure 7 represents the annual mean of wind speeds computed from 731 high-resolution (2km) WRF model runs from January 1st 2016 to December 31st 2017. In winter, the interaction of northeast monsoon with landmass and TSMR creates a high-pressure anomaly over central Vietnam. 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