The Lithuanian Constitutional Court ruled in November 2006 that a number of provisions of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on citizenship are in conflict with the Lithuanian Constitution. Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, Demographic history of Poland PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (15691795), Lietuvos Didiosios kunigaiktysts kanceliarins slav kalbos termino nusakymo problema, "World Population Prospects Population Division United Nations", "Gyventoj ir bst suraymai Oficialiosios statistikos portalas", GYVENTOJAI PAGAL TAUTYB, GIMTJ KALB IR TIKYB, "Eurobarometer: Europeans and their languages, 2012, factsheet Lithuania", "Census 2011: GYVENTOJAI PAGAL ISILAVINIM IR KALB MOKJIM", "What is happening to the Russian language in Lithuania", "Initiative "Schulen: Partner der Zukunft" Hermann-Sudermann-Gymnasium Klaipda", Roma and Romani in Lithuania in the 21st century, "United Methodists evangelize in Lithuania with ads, brochures", "Holocaust in Lithuania: An Outline of the Major Stages and Their Results", "Census 2011. The post office and massive barracks (now Klaipda University) are the most impressive. female: 80.1 years (2009 est. 0,9% of the population are Old Believers, whose Russian ancestors received refuge in Lithuania when they were persecuted in Russia for refusing to adhere to the Nikons religious reform. male: 69.98 years The name of Lithuania Lithuanians was first mentioned in 1009. Here are top 10 ideas for Russian sights in Lithuania: 1. Learn more. 2.Descend into the cellars of Vilnius Cathedral, where Alexander (King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania) is interred (Vilnius Old Town). The primary Lithuanian state, the Duchy of Lithuania, emerged in the territory of Lietuva, the ethnic homeland of Lithuanians. After the World War 1, Kaunas became the temporary capital of Lithuania, therefore, it expanded rapidly and received many fine art deco buildings. Poles (6.74%) and Russians (6.31%) are the major minority groups while other minorities in the country consist of Belarusians, Jews, Estonians, Scandinavians, Latvians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Crimean Karaites, and Scandinavians. TheUSA was the favorite destination of Lithuanian migrants, especially during times of occupations. Before mid-19th century, migration was only accessible to Lithuania's elite. Relatively plain interiors like this are common ir newly restored churches once damaged by the Soviets and wars. With limited data for some countries, some of the estimates still have a big margin of error. The language. The Jewish ethnic group in Belarus is the third largest minority in the country, particularly in the first half of the 20th century. The Day of the Dead lacks the flash of its Mexican versionbut is nevertheless celebrated in a unique way as the Day of the Souls. Click on the country names on the table to learn more about Lithuanian heritage there. Due to intermarriages, some 6 million people worldwide may have at least a single great-great-grandparent from Lithuania by now. As Lithuania was at its largest extent in the 15th century, it even ruled part of the Islamic world near the Black Sea. We recommend the one in Juodkrant that still offers a German mass. By the time of the largest expansion towards Kievan Rus' lands, at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the GDL was about 800,000km2, of which 10% was ethnically Lithuanian. those born ~1980 and before) fluent in it. From local to universal, from meaningful to forgotten, from straightforward to controversial: every week has festivities in Lithuania, each of them dating to a different historical period or group of people. [6] The Lithuanian language was used orally in Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and by small numbers of people elsewhere. The minorities are equally protective of their languages however. Many ethnicities passed by Lithuania over the centuries and manyof them have left heritage here. 6.Explore the recently rebuilt controversial Grand Duke Palace used by Lithuanian Grand Dukes and Polish kings during their stays in Vilnius. 6. In most municipalities, 90%+ people are Roman Catholic. one with five waves, considering Interwar and Soviet migrations as separate waves. Ministry of Education and Science, Education. Negative views of the other ethnicity were common in newspapers, caricatures, and even poetry of the era. More than 80 percent of the country's population is ethnic Lithuanian, with sizeable minorities of Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. For instance, there are many public schools where either Russian or Polish are used as themedium of instruction. Initially this meant construction of buildings in a style known as Soviet historicism, but as early as 1954 all unnecessary architectural details were cancelled and every new building had to be built in a blunt functionalism style, making all the new districts that surrounded every city very faceless and hard to distinguish from any other city in the Soviet Union (in a popular Russian comedy After bath a drunk man goes to Saint Petersburg instead of Moscow and does not realize this because of similar district names, street names and buildings). Lithuanians also enjoy the Tatar cuisine (eburekai pasties, imtalapis cake). The USA is far away from Lithuania but it has been important in modern Lithuanian history. More than 60% of the graduates from secondary school every year choose to continue education at colleges and universities of the Lithuanian higher education system. [2] The ethnic Lithuanian population is estimated to have been 420,000 out of 1.4 million in 1375 (the territory was about 700,000km2), and 550,000 out of 3.8 million in 1490 (territory: 850,000km2)[3] In addition to the Ruthenians and Lithuanians, other significant ethnic groups throughout GDL were Jews and Tatars. Balts), closely related to neighbouring Latvians, who speak Lithuanian, a Baltic language of the Indo-European language family. Some of the wooden buildings are very elaborate and with intricate details. Russian Orthodox church still stands at a prominent location where all the main streets converge and a large share of Druskininkai visitors are Russian-speakers. Mostly Ontario and Montreal. *First wave (1865-1915). However, 20th-century politics meant that these villages were not included in the Republic of Lithuania, being awarded to Russia, Poland, Belarus, or Latvia instead. Mostly Second wave (~1940s). Like its Baltic neighbors Estonia and Latvia . This entry provides an ordered listing of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population. Mostly created during periods that already seem exotic in a rapidly-changing Lithuania the art, crafts, and literature are still respected as something that best conveys the development of Lithuanian culture to the present-day people. Soviet settlers and their descendants make up ~6% of Lithuania's population. Mostly Second wave (~1940s). Old Believers make up 0,9% of Lithuania's population. Go to the Pushkin museum at Markuiai manor in Southern Vilnius. Create custom graphs. [dead link], According to the 2011 census, only around 0.2% of the Lithuanian population aged 10 and over were illiterate, the majority of them in rural areas. *Sunni Islam, adhered by Tatars whose ancestors were brought as soldiers to these areas by Vytautas the Great. Under the occupation, German minority of Lithuania declined from 4,1% (41,9% in Klaipda region where ilut is) to merely 0,1% of the population. Although this also used the Latin alphabet, it was much less affected by the ban, because Polish was still used by the politically important class of the nobility, and also used predominantly in the biggest towns of Lithuania, and supported by the church. Annals of Human Genetics 72:3 (May 2008): pages 337-348. According to census of 2011, 30% of the population can speak English. It also triggered a decline in religious services attendances and a more clandestine role of religion, which is still largely invisible in public places. In the formerly German-ruled Klaipda region, restaurant menus and other information in German are more common due to catering for numerous German tourists there. Lithuania's citizenship law and the Constitution meet international and OSCE standards, guaranteeing universal human and civil rights. A.k.a. There are also scholarships available to the best students. Before World War II about 7.5% of the population was Jewish; they were concentrated in cities and towns and had a significant influence on crafts and business. After the Old Believers refused to adhere to Orthodoxy reforms in Russia and became persecuted there (18th century) Lithuania granted them refuge and even though many have migrated to cities most still visit their village churches and cemeteries. The 19th century Vilnius had temples of over 10 different religions, many of them non-Christian. 6.3%. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Poles are the largest minority ethnic groups in Latvia. Augustinas emaitis. Explore the mighty Kaunas Fortress (1882-1915), one of the largest Russian Imperial fortresses ever built and certainly the best-preserved one. Predominantly Catholic for centuries Lithuania was always tolerant to other faiths, which provided many alternative traditions and old houses of worship to Lithuanian towns. The college enrollment rate in 2020 was higher for 18- to 24-year-olds who were Asian (64 percent) than for those who were White (41 percent), Hispanic (36 percent), Black (36 percent), of Two or more races (34 percent), Pacific Islander (34 percent), and American Indian/Alaska Native (22 percent). What people are shown on Litas banknotes? Mostly First wave (pre-1915) and Second wave (~1940s). July 6th - State day (Day of King Mindaugas coronation) For an objective and extensive articles on all the Lithuania's ethnic and religious groups, please see the sections on Ethnicities of Lithuania and Religions of Lithuania. Mostly Exiles (1940-1953) and Soviet-era migrants (1945-1990). Destinations, periods, ethnicities, professions greatly depend(ed) on the wave with which the person has left Lithuania. Some of these festivals are universally popular, others are derided by many for their Soviet origins (or, less commonly, ignored by some for being "unnecessary new imports from the West"). More than 48,000 students enrolled in all higher education programmes in Lithuania in 2011, including level I (professional bachelor and bachelor), level II (masters) and level III (doctorate) studies. Ethnic Lithuanians constitute 84.1% of the total population of the country. [30] Pre-primary education is also available free of charge to 5- and 6-year-old children but is not compulsory. Prehistory. The old Lithuanian nation was joined by multiple minorities over the centuries, and to many their ethnicity is the prime self-identification and the main source of cherished traditions. 2. Heritage of 150 years of Lithuanian-American relations. In light of the events in Ukraine, the Baltic States have a common goal in promoting better integration. Most of them settled in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Spain, and Germany. 5. Visit the Kaunas New Town, developed as the center of the Kaunas fortress. The combined population of Poland and GDL in 1493 is estimated as 7.5 million, of whom 3.25 million were Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians. Minorities and indigenous peoples in Lithuania: Belarusians and Ukrainians Jews Poles Roma Russians Tatars Browse the directory The Waves are described in the paragraph after this one. A.k.a. This includes red brick churches and buildings, talented metalworks and more. Minority languages are used extensively by the minorities in question and this is promoted by the government. Map of the War in Donbass, 2014. 2.Poles. Neo-Romanesque, Neo-Renaissance,and eclectic historicism styles were less common for these churches. Population by ethnicity and municipality", "Census 2011. The current population of Lithuania is 2,735,784 based on projections of the latest United Nations data. Europos parkas was one place for such international collaboration, receiving works by US artists Dennis Oppenheim, Sol LeWitt and others. While the centuries-old traditions were hit by various occupations and cultural persecutions of the 19th-20th centuries, many have survived, some others are reintroduced or started anew. It is not a single building - its forts still surround the Kaunas city. Other traditional minorities in Lithuania are the Jews, Germans, Tatars, Latvians, Karaims and Gypsies, each of them dating to 14th-15th centuries but consisting of 0,1% or less population today. G. W. Bush plaque (Vilnius Old Town) with his quote permanently sealed on Vilnius City Hall is one of the most important locations a memorial for US president has been created outside the USA. The population of Vilnius, sometimes nicknamed Northern Jerusalem, was about 30% Jewish. Furthermore, during this period many of the pre-1915 Russian Imperial settlers emigrated to their own countries. Mostly interwar migrants (1920s). The Lithuanian language is the country's sole official language countrywide. Russians are third at 5,88% with their liveliest communities in cities. *German Lithuania. 5.Visit Klaipda New Town, the 19th-century annex of the city with its multiple heimatstil buildings. The two communities are greatly divided. [1] With the acquisition of new Ruthenian territories, this proportion decreased to 50% and later to 30%. Emigration from the Soviet Union was nearly banned, making the number of emigrants low despite some of the most horrible living conditions in Lithuanian history. Polish-inhabited areas have Polish cultural events and media, although they are mostly aimed at the local Poles. December 24th - Kios (Christmas Eve) Augustinas emaitis. One building in the area served as German (Prussian) royal residence during the Napoleonic wars (1807-1808), making Memel briefly a capital of Prussia. Samogitian dialect is so distinct that it is sometimes considered a separate language, and a few Samogitians even claim "Samogitian" rather than "Lithuanian" as their ethnicity in censae. Before the Second World War, the population of Jews dropped from about 900,000 to about 325,000 as a result of mass migrations. Almost all of these Jews were killed during the Nazi German occupation, or later emigrated to the United States and Israel. The arts, crafts and literature. Lithuanian citizenship is theoretically easier (see court ruling notes below) to obtain than that of many other European countriesonly one great-grandparent is necessary to become a Lithuanian citizen. There were population losses due to several border changes, Soviet deportations, the Holocaust of the Lithuanian Jews, and German and Polish repatriations during and after World War II. Lithuanians DPs in a ship which moves them from refugee camps in Germany to a new world (left image). This minor wave of emigration was cut short by the 1929 Great Depression that ravaged the western economy more than that of Lithuania. 3. Significant religious minorities are concentrated in particular areas. 15 annual public holidays puts Lithuania in the top ten of countries that have the most public holidays. From there the Grand Duke Vytautas has brought in thousands of Tatars and hired them as soldiers. What the German knights, merchants and townsfolk have left. Currently, the population growth annual rate is at -.48% in 2018, which is a slight improvement from 2017, when the World Factbook gives a -1.07% growth rate. While Karaim faith seems exotic, Karaim cuisine (kibin pasties) is popular among people of Lithuania of all ethnicities. However, owned by his noble relatives, it represents the life of 19th-century Russian nobility in Lithuania well enough. Mostly interwar migrants (1920s). 8.Visit the birthplace of the Polish president Jzef Pisudski at Zalavas manor (venionys district). Mostly Karaganda. Becoming refugees as young adults they mostly naturalized as US citizens but still remained loyal to the "lost homeland" of Lithuania. Russians are third at 5,88% with their liveliest communities in cities. However, non-Polish people from areas with strong Polish presence may have some knowledge of Polish acquired in day-to-day life, making 14% of Lithuania's citizens fluent in Polish. Russian native speakers live primarily in cities. Ethnic map of Lithuania. Lithuania's sad history of occupations and persecutions is responsible for much of the emigration, but there were numerous waves and groups of emigrants that had different reasons, goals, and life after emigration. While its authenticity is somewhat dubious many plaques help one better understand the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 10.See the real Issa valley from Czesaw Miosz (Lithuanian: eslovas Miloas, 1911-2004) books north of Kdainiai (near real-life Nevis river). At the last Soviet census in 1989, 9.4 percent of Lithuania's population were ethnic Russians, with a few more percent comprising other Soviet nationalities. during the Soviet occupation) and then emigrated. Ethnicities in Lithuania: Introduction The majority ethnicity in Lithuania is Lithuanians, who make up 85,08% of the population and are the country's original inhabitants. Another major part of architectural heritage of pre-20th century Lithuania are the manors in the countryside as well as in the cities and towns (where they are typically surrounded by well-crafted parks) that used to be owned by the noble families like counts Tikeviiai or dukes Oginskiai. [4] With the Union of Lublin Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown (see demographics of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth). The members of the same Migration Wave and their descendants have more in common with each other (even if living oceans apart) than they do have in common with the Lithuanians from other waves (even if they migrated to the same city). [5] Modern era [ edit] Russians who reside in Lithuania live mainly in urban areas. Here are top 10 Polish sights (mostly in Vilnius and its surroundings): 1.Take a peaceful walk in hilly Rasos cemetery (Polish: Rossa) and read some Polish inscriptions on its pretty gravestones. Minor towns have their own holidays coinciding with the days of the saint to whom the local church is dedicated. While later emigration and genocide have dwindled their numbers, the Jewish heritage in Lithuania is still impressive, consisting of some 80 synagogues and memories of key Jewish figures who have influenced the Jewish thought worldwide, such as Vilna Gaon. The heart of Poland's president Jzef Pisudski is among the famous burials. Some Lithuanians (~100 000) did not wait and emigrated instead: as the USA was by then effectively closed to immigration, most have chosen South America or Canada, creating smaller versions of "First wave" Lithuanian "colonies" there. [clarification needed][1] The voivodeships with a majority ethnic Lithuanian population were Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and these three voivodeships comprised the political center of the state. Mostly interwar migrants (1920s). *Polish Lithuania. Primary schooling (Lithuanian: pradinis ugdymas) is available to children who have reached age 7 (or younger, should the parents so desire) and lasts four years. The percentages represent the portion of MyHeritage DNA users in Lithuania who have that ethnicity. He was one of the last famous people to call himself "a Lithuanian" while not believing in independent Lithuania and seeking to re-establish the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth instead (which made him a controversial person in modern-day Lithuania). As European Union membership allowed free and uncontrolled emigration to Western Europe, almost a million Lithuanians (over a quarter of the total population) used up the opportunity to leave their Soviet-ravaged homeland for larger salaries of the West. He called his style to be "optical impressionism". 5.Jews. The gallery is now the Lithuania's prime repository of international art. Augustinas emaitis. June 24th - Jonins / Rasos (St. John's day) As the "top language" of the "prestigious West", it also became fashionable for some key local trademarks and popular songs. As of 2013, there were 23 universities (including academies and business schools recognized as such) and 24 colleges operating in Lithuania. 62.6%. [33], Secondary education (Lithuanian: vidurinis ugdymas) in Lithuania is optional and available to students who have attained basic education. Each of these faiths is now followed by 0,1% or less population but their centuries-old communities are important for Lithuanias history and culture. Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. Lithuanian cities established their own annual events - generally, the larger is the city, the more there are local events. The Lithuanian National Revival had begun to intensify by the end of the 19th century, and the number of Lithuanian speakers and people identifying themselves as ethnic Lithuanians started to increase; but at the same time many Polish speaking Lithuanians, especially former szlachta, cut themselves adrift from the Lithuanian nation. 8. Synagogues and homes of this craftsmen community. In the late 18th century, the Neo-Classical architecture came to Lithuania, emulating the Roman Empire style. While few people actually dress this way today, they still are visible during the particular days. Largely thanks to Lithuanian-Americans basketball became the Lithuanian national sport in the late 1930s and now is even called "Lithuania's second religion". The Ruthenian population formed a majority in GDL from the time of the GDL's expansion in the mid 14th century; and the adjective "Lithuanian", besides denoting ethnic Lithuanians, from early times denoted any inhabitant of GDL, including Slavs and Jews. In 1998, the population was 82 percent Lithuanian, 8 percent Russian, and 6 percent Polish. The interior of a Roman Catholic Cathedral in iauliai city (Samogitia region). While the Soviet Genocide destroyed the Lithuania's German communities, plenty of German heritage sites remains to be visited in Lithuania. [16] The Soviet era had imposed the official use of Russian, so most adult Lithuanians are able to speak Russian as a second language, while the Polish population generally speaks Polish. Sometimes they left traces in stones - but little traces in local culture. It covers two years (11th12th grades in secondary schools and 3rd4th grades in gymnasiums). For centuries Lithuania was divided into two distinct sub-ethnic areas: the east, ruled by Poland-Lithuania and then Russia, remained Catholic, while the west (ruled by Germans) became Lutheran. While such history and Russian-led persecutions of Lithuanians has created animosity, it also left many reminiscences of that era in buildings and culture as well as a sizeable Russian minority. Lithuanian 84.6% . Persons who held citizenship in the Republic of Lithuania prior to June 15, 1940, and their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren (provided that these persons did not repatriate) are eligible for Lithuanian citizenship [8]. Lithuanian diaspora is easiest to understand as a series of Migration Waves. 1.Visit the central Theater square at Klaipda Old Town and have your picture taken near its Annike of Tharau sculpture, originally erected in 1912 to represent a character of German poet Simon Dach (now rebuilt after Soviets had it demolished). Follow the taste of many modern-day Russians to splurge at Druskininkai, the mineral water resort developed under Russian Imperial rule. To the north it borders Latvia, to the east and south Belarus and to the south-west Poland and the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation. 55-64 years: 15.1% (male 183,854/female 228,585) 65 years and over: 20.45% (male 190,025/female 368,558) (2020 est.) The former underground barracks are used as a small bowdlerized museum about lives of the German soldiers in WW2 Eastern front. Considered to be the most tragic part of recent Lithuanian history, they were a part of genocide. Each Lithuanian person and family also has personal celebrations of lifetime events. The following liberal geographic estimates include people who are either ethnic Lithuanians, descendants of ethnic Lithuanians with exposure to Lithuanian culture, or Lithuanian citizens, irrespective of their language knowledge, place of birth or diaspora participation. 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