03 Sep 2016. Let's backtrack to a simpler circuit, the cathode follower. I have done some sleuthing and I discovered that her full name is Claudia Bas Lovato and that she appears on at least one other album, Flying Attitude. Like a circuit court (or circuit rider cleric) moving from town to town, my circuitous but, ultimately, circular path always leads back to much-visited circuits, such as the cathode follower and the Circlotron. We could fairly easily build a small box that would hold a passive filter, made with air-core (or common-mode) inductors and film or ceramic capacitors; such a box would be placed in series with the Duet and its switcher wallwart. The feedforward-shunt regulator has been covered here many times before, albeit in a vacuum tube format. I mentioned this possibility several times before, but few can wrap their minds around the notion. Not this time, however, as most of my hand and power tools are in storage, as we are finishing our basement. The M1 stepped attenuator combines both series and ladder stepped attenuators into a single functional attenuator. Thus, what I have just written always disappoints. Which is great if the intended load is a lamp, but if you want to power an OpAmp, a bipolar power supply would be easier to work with. In my last post, we saw a two-stage power buffer that used a bastode input stage. My interest in the music had fallen from 90% to 85% or so; in other words, not huge difference, but a large enough of one to make me wonder what had happened SRPP with Aikido Mojo I know many readers are wondering why I am spending so much time on this topic, particularly as V-to-I amplifiers are so rare. Zenlike I-to-V Power Amplifier What? I enjoyed last post's music recommendation, MOKAVE Volume 2, that I went hunting for more of Glen Moore, the "MO" of MOKAVE and who has played with the Paul Winter Consort and Oregon, as I liked his bass playing so much. 01 Apr 2008. 23 Apr 2010, Tringlotron: An Interesting New Topology But it does terminate the output transformers primary into ground, which allows us to apply a negative feedback loop from the input tubes cathode to the output transformers primary, which will lower the amount of power-supply noise making its way to your loudspeakers. 06 Nov 2009. Just behind tube-phono preamps and tube--headphone amplifiers, the largest number of circuit requests I receive is for tube-based crossovers Thus, I began with Nico M. Visch's output stage and end here with a bastode-based power buffer, one powerful enough to drive 8-ohm loudspeakers to 30W. In general, it is never a good idea to make to great current demands on this negative rail, as it is created by half-wave rectification, which induces an unbalanced current draw in the transformer's secondary. Back in post number 283, I showed the concept of using a single 300B in a single-ended power amplifier to deliver 1Apk at 24Vpk and have an IMC deliver 2Apk at the same 24Vpk, which would sum to 3Apk and 24Vpk and 36W. The switch is a three-position toggle with an on-off-on structure. Unlike most triodes, it works quite well with only 12 volts on its plate. First, lets pull way back and think about what is going on in the amplifier: one MOSFET is doing all the work of amplifying the 1-volt input signal to 16 volts and driving 2-amps of current into the speaker and providing a low output impedance; all at once! My Latest Project Before jumping into it, let's pause and consider the task before us. His name is Ciro (Cyrus) Cravetto and he describes his design as a "self-bridge Circlotron." Schiit Audio, the little Californian company that kicks sand in the face of bigger bullies daily, has come out with a constant-transconductance amplifier. Why? SB 1230 by Senator Monique Limn (D-Santa Barbara) Zero-emission and near-zero-emission vehicle incentive programs: requirements. The PCB materail is thick (0.93in) and tough, so there is no chance that it will bend, as the tube is pulled from or pusshed into its socket. Over/Under OTL Designing Your Own Amplifier Lowering the SE Amp's Noise (part 2), Tube Voltage Regulators, Design Idea: Para-Feed Dynaco ST-70, April 1999 He included a schematic, which is why I was happy to help him. It holds one channel of Aikido amplification and the needed B+ and heater power supplies, with the heater power supply getting a voltage regulator. Aikido Mic Preamp New Unbalancer PCB Used cars. After the first gain stage comes the passive RIAA EQ network and then a coupling capacitor and the second gain stageor do we need the coupling capacitor? My postings on the hybrid tube Op-Amp and the hybrid spilt-load phase splitters have all relied on using a bipolar power supply, much like most solid-state Op-Amps run on, but at much higher voltages: +/-100V instead of +/-15V. Differential SRPP from Poland Many view solid-state and hybrid designs with disdain. (Never, however, in those exact words, sadly.) We can nit-pick subtleties, but seldom do we quarrel with the musical ability on display I have complied a list of matching plate and cathode resistors for use with common tubes in the Tera's CCDA stages. Dang. Well, I got my own answer this last weekend, which turned out to be my dealing with our broken water heater. No doubt that some readers are thinking, "wow, John, this post iseven for you!far too pedantic and prissy. 14 Aug 2020. 10 Oct 2019. What's that? (Just the other day, I asked my son if he knew the word, "divagate.") The design uses only tree triodes and consists of a differential input stage DC coupling into a grounded-cathode amplifier. The higher, the better, as we only want to pass differences and ignore what is shared between the two input signal phases. Surely not everyone is in the market for a $50,000 pair of loudspeakers or $80,000 turntables or $4,000 interconnects Sonic Controls 17 Jul 2017. For most audiophiles, the louder the better, just as a film buff might clamor for the biggest movie screen possible. Aikido Noval Rev. Well, just doubling up on two cathode followers gives a balanced set of outputs, but zero CMRR. A New Use for a New Audio Product New Attn-Ladder With -2dB decrements, a maximum of -70dB of attenuation is accomplished. He was wrong; and it took some persuading to get him to test the PDFs contents for text that could be copied and pasted. avoid a deep suck-out at the crossover frequency. Well, prepare to feel topsy-turvy, as you are about to encounter the seemingly impossible. New CCDA Octal PCB Speaker Diffraction Loss Loudspeaker Crossovers So, instead I created a 12Vac power supply that delivers a regulated 12.6Vdc (or 12Vdc) heater voltage. Most DACs require that their audio output signal, either in the form of current or voltage, be stripped of ultra-high-frequency contamination. New Mono Step Attenuator Christian Rintelen pointed out that he gets great results with software from Channel D, called PureVinyl, which only works on Mac systems, alas. In other words, you don't get to choose how to handle the ground connections, as the descission has been made for you. Well, a potential customer asked when it would be back in stock. Think about the voltage relationships within an XLR cable: two anti-phase signal wires, one ground wire, and shield, which attaches to one chassis to another First, whenever you see an OpAmp, think of replacing it with a single triode, as the triode is analogous to a current-feedback OpAmp in that offers both a high-impedance and a low-impedance inputs PDF UltraPath = Ultra-Simple (Except that it's Not) In SPICE simulations, the gain was close to 1100. Music Recommendation: Three Crowns I discovered Cyrus Chestnut's album, Earth Stories, last year and was impressed. I'm Back 29 Jun 2015. Before leaving the topic of split-load phase splitters, let's look at the Aikido version. Well, at least this week's circuit continues the thread from my last post on cathode-follower output stages, but differs by being an OTL. A while back, I rearranged all the regulator PCBs layouts so that they could accept fatter heatsinks, which was move in the right direction, as a fatter, short heatsink is better than a tall, skinny heatsink. Odyssey In Studio & In Concert Since most small-signal audio triodes come two to the tube, such as the 6AQ8, 6BL7, 6DJ8, 6SL7, 6SN7, 12AT7, 12AU7, 12AX7, 12BH7, and ECC99, the cathode-coupled amplifier is a good fit. Why? By returning to the original 160 volts of B+ voltage, the amplifier can force a lot more current out of the output tubes before hitting positive grid current conduction. But how do we retain the advantages of low-voltage and still get a decent B+ voltage? Okay, I'll admit it: I was tempted. 30 Dec 2004, A second helping of crumbs A quick update: I just put together a 60dB phono stage based on an old PCB that I never released as it held two errors. My last two posts examined lazy push-pull output stages; namely: the SRCFPP, SRPP, and White cathode follower. As Google will readily reveal, I have shown many balanced phono preamps here before. The next step is to search for the best output transformer, say a Bartolucci 23, whose 26W output limit seems perfect for the 211. I didn't have a ready answer, as there were far too many possibilities, such as a high-power push-pull power amplifier or an MC pre-preamplifier. On other hand, most voltage-out DACs put out plenty of signal. Aikido Single-Ended Output Stage In power-amplifier output stages, this puts tubes at a distinct disadvantage, as many amperes of output current flow are expected. Crowhurst Anti-Blocking Technique in New Zealand, has coined a new word, MOSKIDO," and I like it a great deal. Fortunately, negative-grid bias is often easier to implement, assuming a negative-bias tap is available on the power transformers secondary. Constant-power Unity-Gain Power Buffer 2 At $30 each, it was an easy purchase to make. Most classical music fans have heard of the curse of the ninth. Because it offers no gain, in fact suffer from an insertion loss, the buffer would need to be presented with a large differential input signal, say 50 to 80Vpk-pk. The tipoff came from longtime reader, Paul, who told me that he measured more noise at the output of his Aikido after following the noise voltage divider formula, The cathode-coupled circuit offers a low input capacitance and no phase inversion If you inspect the schematic below, you will see an extra capacitor, marked C. Why is it there?.. I also note that many DACs offer digital volume controls and that many DACs put out a truly hot output signal. Tube clock? The Aikido PH-1 is an excellent tube-based phono stage. No large valued plate resistor values. Hugh Masekela, who died in 2018, plays trumpet; and Tony Allen, the drums. In fact, a balanced signal can be applied to grid and cathode at once, making a single-triode difference amplifier. ", Upside-Down Differential Amplifier in Use 08 Oct 2014. Unlike 99.9% of headphone amplifiers that seek a low output impedance, this design sought the mid-point between a voltage-out and a current-out amplifier. Music Recommendation: I screwed up. I had an experiment to perform with two of them, which I had mentioned in post 384. In spite of its immense popularity and few circuit elements, few understand how the SRPP circuit works. Secrets Of The Beehive The first question to answer is how many drivers to use. In my six decades of existence, I have been told several times that no one can create a new circuit topology Music Recommendation: Two P-channel FETs are used in the conventional differential amplifier input stage. Based on a few e-mails that I have received concerning my last two posts on exploiting switching power supplies, I realize that a bit more fine tuning is needed. In 2010, he released an album, Sophisticated Ladies, that showcased his playing and six female jazz singers, Norah Jones, Cassandra Wilson, Ruth Cameron, Renee Fleming, and Diana Krall. In the post script to the last blog, "Perfect amplifier & perfect reflections," I gave a closer approximation to a complete formula for calculating the reflected plate resistor. The following design offers stellar performance and yet uses few parts. The idea was simple enough: a DVC subwoofer driver in a sealed enclosure fires upward, with the planar dipole positioned directly above it. (Actually, it can provide either signal reduction or signal gain, depending on the ratio between resistors R1 & R2.) 14 May 2017. Einstein's amplifier Still, if we are to be chained to a keyboard, lets at least have as good a time as we can. Last year, we had our basement finished. I wasnt done undoing problems with blog 105, however Cathode-Coupled Amplifier & Low Distortion If we chose its cathode resistor carefully, the impedance presented by the bottom triode's plate will equal that of the plate resistor at the top triode's plate. Well, I was half right. Although on at least a half dozen occasions I have visited Reno, Nevadas smaller city to the north, this was my first trip to Vegas (locals drop the Las) and John Atwood of One Electron was kind enough to lead me through the maze (if you havent been to a CES show, you cant imagine how big it is; it was at least four times bigger than I expected) PDF Indeed, its search ability is far better than I found with Tidal and Amazon Music To doubly mangle Robert Burns, The best laid headphone cables of iPods and laptops often go astray. It is an auto-bias/driver circuit for solid state output stages, mostly MOSFET-based output stages. Back to the Aikido Mono Solo PCB This chubby heatsink boasts a thermal resistance of only 3.7, based on a 75C rise in natural convection. New Signal and Capacitor Selector Switches Thus, the name change. New SRPP Zen Headphone Amplifier The B+ power supply now sports an extra RC filter and the heater power supply now allows more rectifier configurations (a 6.3Vac or 12.6Vac or 24Vac CT winding can be used to create a 12Vdc regulated heater power supply). (Well, thats an easy question to answer: Aikido amplifier. The same formula is used for this resistor's value, so the same 150-ohm current-sense resistor is used Single-Ended SRCF If I keep them short, maybe PS-9 Back in Stock So is the Aikido amplifier, with its low distortion, low output impedance, feedback-free design and excellent PSRR figure, the best choice for driving headphones? and Easiest Method of Studying? Mind you, I don't mind changing my mind. The bad news: my old portable CD player died; the good news: I picked up a new Sony D-FJ401. It offers several interesting features, such as no phase inversion, low distortion, low output impedance, and only two capacitors. After writing about the Google Chromecast Audio puck in my last post, I regretted not detailing its impressive specifications. The RMAF is, as they like to put it, "the largest consumer audio and home entertainment show in the United States." The telltale sign is when the output could be taken from the bottom triode's plate with no difference in performance. Non-Gratuitous SRPP Hybrid Power Amplifier 21 May 2010. The following design is a fairly old one. negative feedback. Pre-dating the Linkwitz-Riley crossover, this crossover uses 2nd-order filter with a Q of 0.5 for the woofer and tweeter, with a 1st-order band-pass filter for the filler (midrange) driver. Music Recommendation: Certainly, the Moskido and Zenkido are creating a commotion and it these hybrid efforts sound just half as good as the e-mail indicate that they do, then this plan has a lot of merit. We begin, oddly enough, at the end with the cascode's Why. Remember the Linear Technology LT1166 IC? A reader asked for my help in repairing an OTL power amplifier he was building. 29 Jan 2020. I have been eager to try my new PS-21 with a minimalist line-stage amplifier ever since I had some great conversations with the engineering team from PS Audio at last year's RMAF Harmonic Restoration Version Due to the impending Wuhan pandemic, I searched Tidal for the poem, A Litany in Time of Plague,* by Thomas Nashe, as two lines from it ecchoed in my mind These hybrid amplifiers used two stages of tube amplification and buffering to provide the front end to a push-pull, class-AB MOSFET output stage, which delivered no voltage gain but lots of current gain. The solid-state Circlotron was patented in 1959 by A. W. Donald III and, in 1964, A. S. Goldsmith patented a simple diode-biasing method for a transistor-based Circlotron. We begin with a triode, not a pentode or tetrode; then we ensure that it draws a constant current flow; finally, we connect either a transistor or MOSFET or pentode or solid-state power amplifier so that this added power device receives its input signal from the triode and returns its output signal to the triode. One advantage of a balanced output signal is that as long as the receiving balanced amplifier delivers a high CMRR at its input, much of the balanced power-supply noise will be ignored. I swear I can feel the bass notes in my chest. Loudspeaker Crossovers For example, I start with one circuit, then I see a variation, which then gives rise to another variationon and on it goes Unanticipated Amplifiers The ACF-2 is an All-in-One design that holds both the B+ and heater power supplies and two Aikido-ized cathode followers. Unlike the PS-21, the PS-21B uses a voltage-doubler-rectifier circuit for the low-voltage regulators. Floating Power Amplifier For example, the frontend of a single-ended power amplifier. 26 Sep 2018. If we used the same virtual-ground power supply shown before in the push-pull example, we could use a modified cathode-coupled amplifier, as shown below. Standard Power Supply 19 Jul 2021. The punch Check out the GlassWare-Yahoo store to see what's there Where Did July Go? Assuming a 10-ohm output impedance, we would see 100mA of current swing between voltage source and output Split-Load Phase Splitters Achilles Heel Super long-time TCJ reader, Gil, asked if the Tilt-2 Control could be replaced by the five-position Tilt Control. Shifting Loudspeaker Crossovers an Unbalanced Line Stage Amplifier If no other reason, the output coupling capacitors seemed far too low in value. Repeatedly, I was surprised by how good small loudspeakers sounded at the RMAF. New Zune In the middle position, the off position, the amplifier sees a 1st-order 100Hz high-pass filter, which proves useful with subwoofers. In the mean time, the following new PCBs might help you out in your next project. As for the circlotron circuit, its no secret that it perplexes many, if not most tube practitioners. More Diamonds Mr. Corbeil has come up with a clever auto-bias scheme that automatically adjusts the idle current through the output stage devices an audiophile. & a Letter to the Editor of Electronic Products I went hunting. (I often dream of how great it would be to have a copyeditor, but no editor other than me would have spotted the formula errors.) I know that many long for this type of sound from their systems, as it produces an archetypal representation of what most consider being tube sound, but without the usually concomitant hum and power-supply noise. More Kick-Butt Design Considerations Desktop switching power supplies usually stop at 52Vdc, with 48Vdc being the more commonly encountered voltage limit. He died in 1965; he was only 51. Since the Aikido is known for its low noise and low distortion, it would seem a natural for a pre-preampand it is, as long as one is willing to accept the higher noise that all tubes must intrinsically add, because of their low transconductance and high plate resistances. Boxes and boxes of them! What happens if we let the grids travel into positive voltages? This follower accepts a balanced pair of input signals and it delivers a single phase output, which explains why two of them are requireded. 08 May 2009, Blumlein Garter Circuit Revisited Balanced Circuits Just as input signals can float, i.e. 17 Aug 2013, GlassWare Tilt Control The OpAmp worked as an MC pre-preamplifier in an otherwise tube-based phono stage. Like chocolate and peanut butter, electrostatic loudspeakers and tubes go together well, as both live and breathe high-voltages. Finally, after many a tease and far too many false starts, arrives the new PS-1 regulator. I then made a few improvements to the PCB, so it is now in Rev. My first try was the following circuit. Speaking of actually building a tube Hi-Fi project, instead of just storing parts in your closet, my enthusiastic recommendation of Morgan Jones book, Building Valve Amplifiers, becomes even more persuasive. I was trying to illustrate the distortion shape for the cathode follower, the grounded-grid amplifier, and the wedding of the two circuits, the cathode-coupled amplifier. Well, I do not have the time or patience for such recalcitrant capacitors, so they languish in my part pin More No-GainNo-Pain I reread the post with mixed emotions. The ultrapath configuration of a single-ended output stage differs from the standard setup by terminating the cathode resistor's bypass capacitor to the B+ voltage, not ground. Perhaps my memory was at fault or that particular 12AU7 was not typical or perhaps the 12AU7 SPICE model was off. When it comes to audio, good enough is seldom enough. With a hybrid phono preamp, we reverse the order. 28 Feb 2011. 19 Apr 2014. I ached in places that I didn't know I could ache; I burned with fever; I coughed and hacked constantly; I grew weak, surprisingly, unbelievably weak; I could not stomach the taste of most foods, with the blandest crackers seemingly made with corrosive salts; and, saddest of all, I lost two weeks of productivity in 2009. Get an overview of all used Mercedes for sale and find the cheapest cars. These entries are concise summaries of the main subject articles, which can be consulted for more detail. 09 January 2002 PDF Recently, I recommended to a friend Leos Jancek's composition, Sinfonietta, as suitable music for an intro music snippet for a podcast series, as its famous opening fanfare (1926) gives Aaron Copland's Fanfare for the Common Man (1942) some excellent competition. In fact, my entire family has it. More than one piece of audio equipment may do the same, so the signal ground paths become needlessly duplicated, as two paths exist, the first being the through the interconnects and the second being the connection to the house ground. Music Recommendations, Drum Music Mr. King died last Wednesday at age 84. Balanced Hybrid Headphone Amplifier Well, I have been waiting to find free time; in vain. LP Rumble Filter At the output, the constant-current source that loads the cathode follower does wonderful things for this buffer. I know that many customers are using four 6DJ8 tubes with the Aikido LV PCB and a 24Vdc power supply, as they write me to tell me about how great their Aikido sounds. Dick Olsher has created a mighty 300B amplifier: the T-Rex (Transformer King, in other words, as the amplifier uses Plitron toroidal output transformers, power transformers, and chokes). After tracking down the National Semi 2nd-Order Phase-Flat Crossover, I went searching through my hard-drive for an image of a four-OpAmp crossover that might have predated the national semi version, as I had faint memory of it being similar. New: Unbalancer Two Back in May (2012), a reader wrote an interesting e-mail. 14 Sept 2013. Okay, let's now move on to a more substantial variation, one that uses a low-voltage NPN transistor and attaches to the grounded-cathode amplifier's cathode, not its plate. CCDA Version 3 10 Mar 2005, Which Tube Should I Use? The grounded-grid amplifier differs from a grounded-cathode amplifier in that we drive the cathode, not the grid, which is grounded. Jenna Mammina & Rolf Sturm form a powerful duo: Jenna sings, while Rolf plays guitar. If the DAC presents current outputs, then the Unbalancer circuit is a better choice, as quite a bit of gain will be needed. Active versus passive: that's the choice we often face in audio design, and each approach holds its advantages and disadvantages. Plate Followers Well, finding the magazine proved difficult, but I finally located it. The answer is yes I do not have to explain what a switcher power supply is, asno doubtjust about every wall socket in your house has one attached to it. Of course, we can build our own diamonds out of discrete parts. Class-B Rail-Splitting Virtual Ground I have read two books on its history and when in college I memorized pi to fifty places. If we pause to think about it, we soon realize that we ask an awful lot of the simple SRPP circuit, as it is expected to provide signal gain and phase splitting, and push-pull operation capable of delivering close to twice the idle current into an external load resistance. Well, thats the idea behind the Broskie auto-bias circuit. 300B-Based Augmented-Amplifier Ideas In the last year, quite a few novel circuits have appeared here that could make excellent use of the PS-6 power supply. Why? No woofer is perfect. Only a few new albums instantly thrill me. In all the following designs, I have set an unnaturally low power-supply voltage of 330Vdc. Before moving forward with the last blog entry's circuit, let's back up a bit first. The idea behind this circuit was to design a simple tube-based headphone amplifier that would allow 300-ohm headphones, such as the Sennheiser HD580 and HD600 and HD650 and HD800, to be driven to higher voltage swings than an MP3 player, such as the iPod, can put out. The answer is easy. A pity. Both PCB and point-to-point wiring can be art forms, but an artistically laid out point-to-point wiring assembly can dazzle, as it can exemplify an intelligent, artistic design, much like a show car's sumptuous engine compartment, where all the ignition flow along parallel paths and meet in tight bundles and where nothing sticks out or seems haphazardly placed 6C33C-Based Single-Ended OTL Everybody knows that the right direction is from tubes to solid-state; for example, its okay to have a tube preamp and a solid-state power amplifier, but not a solid-state preamp and tube power amplifier. Updating Error-Correction Schematic Everyone knows that 2nd-order crossovers introduce a shifting phase that starts at zero, reaches 90 degrees at the I cannot read Russian. Why? While this alternate suggestion offers much to like, its glibness bothered me. Two reasons: the first is that I am trying to expand the universe of possible tube circuits and the second is that I have no faith in any circuit configuration absolutes Reiffin's SE Cathode-Follower Power Amplifier My original plan was to sell ten blank PCBs and eight kits, but before I could turn off the availability of the new 24V Aikido boards, 15 had been sold, leaving with just three PCBs for kits. High-Voltage Shunt Regulators Okay, a quick review wouldn't hurt. The world's favorite tube circuit finds a new application: harmonic restoration, the purposeful introduction of harmonic distortion to enrich thin or odd-ordered tonality. The idea is a simple one: we use the grounded-grid amplifier's grid as an inverting input and feed it a sampling of the power-supply noise, so we can create a null at the grounded-grid amplifier's output Variations on the Tringlotron background music. 06 Oct 2013. 14 May 2108. Wow, this will be my 13th year of posting the TCJ. While I had the tubes, the Aikido PCBs, the supporting parts, the design, and the desire, somehow I just never had the time. Much like its brother noval PCB, the new octal Aikido All-in-One stereo PCB uses a tube rectifier for establishing the B+ voltage and a voltage doubler for the regulated heater power supply. New PH-2 Phono Stage The Broskie cathode follower receives a balanced input signal and delivers an unbalanced output. I treasure this book, as it is filled with gobs of great articles on MOSFET applications and design issues in power supplies and amplifiers. When we desire to label something as being of the highest order, quality, or degree, surpassing and superior to its competition, we seek out superlatives, such as excellent, exemplary, exceptional, first-class, first-rate, foremost, nonpareil, matchless, outstanding, peerless, pukka, superb, superior, top-grade, topnotch, unmatched, and of course class-A. The mystery is solved. In the near field, room reflections come too late to blur the sonic image or muddy the tonal colors. Mar 22 2014. The center rotary switch controls both channels and presents coarse decrements, while the two flanking switches afford fine volume decrements for each channel. PS-6 Unlike a transformer, they do not isolate. I long to build a self-powered loudspeaker. I remembered seeing it in a foreign magazine, probably an Italian or German audio magazine. Well, how about using electromagnets instead? So why are 99.9% of tube audio circuits based on using the grid as an input? 07 Jun 2006. Two events prompted to write on this topic.. Indeed, the average audiophile may not even know what a single-ended amplifier is, believing that it has something to with using certain tube types, such as the 2A3 or 300B or 845. On the other hand, I can imagine wire going the way of the dodo bird 5687 Aikido All-in-One PCB Another approach is to use a pentode-based gain stage. I revealed this topology back in post 245, but the versions that I showed all used a negative power-supply rail, which allowed DC coupling at the input. The wire is easy to work with and quite heat resistant (500 F and 260 C) and maintains its twist perfectly. In the previous example, we saw how we could replace the woofer's series inductor with a phase-shifting circuit that creates a low-pass filter function. More Circlotron Circuits Errata Since, I have already shown the Aikido treatment applied tot he Loftin-White topology, we might as well delve more deeply into the topic of a low-noise Loftin-White amplifier. The circuit was a line-stage amplifier based on a 12AX7/ECC83 tube. Well, its now December and I have just returned from Switzerland and Germany, where I attended the European Triode Festival (ETF). Sometimes less is, indeed, less. The month January and the word "janitor" derive from the Roman god Janus, the god of beginnings and ends, doors, gates, passages, transitions, and time itself, whosurprisingly enough and unlike most Roman godswasn't pinched from the Greeks Renovating An OTL Amplifier I found it, but it is of a completely different crossover. Music Recommendation: I came up with this circuit long ago, when I was working on a workaround for the low-frequency diffraction loss that small speakers face. Why the sad face? (Although I enjoy headphone listening, I can readily appreciate why headphones are despised by many 72-Ohm Loudspeaker My goal was a unity-gain power buffer that offered low distortion, which implied class-A operation, which in turn implied the possibility of using an auto-bias circuit. Here's the paradox: a feedback loop that terminates at the plate will reduce the noise at the plate, but not at the speaker terminals, as all the power supply noise will be superimposed across the output transformer's primary Balancer Update Five Way I get dizzy just thinking about it all. It wasn't just the two batteries that confused, but the cathode-follower-looking appearance of the topology. In the schematic below, the vacuum tube does the shunting and it handles the high-voltages and high heat dissipation; the IC OpAmp provides the low-noise and high-gain amplification needed to drive the feedback loop; and the zener diode establishes the OpAmps power supply voltage and defines the internal voltage reference used by the regulator to maintain a fixed output voltage. And I have read that Dolly Parton has many fans in Africa. How long will the sale last? For example, when you buy a scale model of a car, all of the model's ratios, such as the length to the width, will match the real car's ratios, such as it length to its width. Direct-Drive Electrostatic Power Amplifiers In March of 1999 the Tube CAD Journal was born. Simple amplifiers usually make extra demands of the rest of the system and their performance is usually compromised in a few key specifications, such as output impedance, input impedance, frequency response, and distortion. For example, it used to be both cheap and fast to mail to Canada; today, it is neither Well, things have changed. The Tr-PS-3 is a regulated bipolar power supply that puts out +/-12Vdc @ 750mA. Why no power supply portion? 04 Jul 2007. Page 3 of 76 . For example, with crossover frequencies of 150hz, 800Hz and 4kHz, the woofer, mid-woofer, midrange, and tweeter each cover less than three octaves, assuming the woofer goes down to 30Hz and the tweeter goes up to 20kHz. In the November 2007 issue of audioXpress, we find part two of Mr. Moores article on his hybrid power amplifier, which weds the Aikido PCB to a Zen-like unity-gain power buffer: single-ended in, single-ended out. Aikido Long-Tail Phase Splitters This is great, as the common signal is usually noise picked up along the way. MC High-Gain Phono Stage Update Remember, half of the cost of producing high-end equipment must be in cosmetics. 99.9% of all solid-state amplifiers use three stages: an input stage that provides gain and a feedback input, a second stage that provides gain (VAS, voltage amplification stage) and current gain, and a unity-gain buff output stage. It must run in class-A due to the constant-current source. The alternative to active equalization is passive equalization. Because the two grounds in the line stage tie together in the power amplifier, signal current from one channel can take two paths back to the line stage. How so? The downloads are at the GlassWare-Yahoo store and the price is only $9.95 for each program. The CCA Power Supplies In contrast, a conventional cathode follower can only robustly pull up, relying on the cathode resistor's passive doward tug to pull the output down. Although I like the ease of the class-A, constant-current source approach, I would like to cheat the system a tad, by running a lower idle current and still getting an occasional burst of wattage beyond the strict limits of class-A. Paradoxically enough, tiny loudspeakers often require big watts due to their inefficiency. Music Recommendation: Toru Takemitsu Floating Power Supplies Capacitance-Multiplier Circuit I leave for last that which most wanted to see first, as thats what my e-mail is telling me. In other words, no shared grounds. In the typical hybrid amplifier, the front-end is tube-based and the output stage solid-state, or vice versa. (Yes, this is entirely solid-state affair, but elements can be profitably lifted for hybrid-amplifier use.) Tubes amplify sweetly; solid-state output devices slam and punch. Our goal is simple: use each technology where its strengths shine through. First of all, what a curious mix this is. 17 Apr 2013. Cathode-Follower Power Amplifiers The idea behind all these seemingly different circuits is that a push-pull amplifier can be made that uses the same polarity output devices, but dispenses with the need for a phase splitter by sensing the current flow through a primary output device to derive the needed drive signal for the other output device PDF the lockdown time spent in our homes. 08 Aug 2018. In part two, we examined inverting hybrid Op-Amps. Opportunity Zones are economically distressed communities, defined by individual census tract, nominated by Americas governors, and certified by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury via his delegation of that authority to the Internal Revenue Service. How do I build ____? is the first line of many e-mails that I receive, whereas only few have asked, How do I understand ____? Nothing exceptional here. I had never heard of Canada's Ms. Panton, but I noted that the Beatles' song, And I Love Her (Him, in this cover), was included, so I gave it a listen. The huge advantage to using two identical amplifiers is that they both share identical frequency and phase responses. Music Recommendation: Expecting to hear great sound at a stereo show is as futile as expecting to find true love at a singles bar or haute cuisine at McDonalds. Soon after creating the Broskie OTL, my first thought was, How good a headphone amplifier would it be? A big audio show, in other words. with Bipolar Power Supply The Solution to GM Doubling Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. Well, he had started out as an EE, but now owned his own IC design company. Back to MC Pre-Preamps: Hybrid Design If we need a more powerful amplifier, we buy a more powerful amplifier. Introducing an Old Friend: The CCDA Imagine that you wake up late, discovering that your alarm clock wasn't set, and you have 15 minutes to get to work. Back when I was deep intoand relishingthe the task of creating current-out amplifier designs, both tube-based and solid-state-based efforts, a gap in the array was formed by the current-out Circlotron, which eluded me. The SuperTriode & GainClone 20 Nov 2016. A Failed Successful Experiment This is not going to be one of those letters that decries your lack of sensitivity for failing to hear subtle difference between five 9s copper versus six 9s copper. Over the last two decades, I have come up with some amazing circlotron variations; for example, class-G circlotrons, many hybrid and pure solid-state circlotrons, current-out circlotrons, ultra-linear circlotrons, single-ended circlotrons, and single monopolar power supply circlotrons. 09 September 2001 PDF We love simple solutions. 28 Nov 2004, 32-ohm Speaker Design Seldom have I mentioned class-A2, mostly back in the 1990's. All the other parts attach to the bottom. 11-Position Series Stepped Attenuator In spite of my reputation as an SRPP denier, I sure spend a lot of time on the SRPP. In the last post, we saw a high-voltage series regulator based on the KT88 output tube and LM317-HV 3-pin, Many apologies. 19 Mar 2019. The PS-9 is back in stock. Thanks. Somewhere around the late 1960s and early 1970s, European jazz musicians decided that the time had arrived for them to break free of American jazz, finding their voices and rhythms and styles. Why? Class-G High-Voltage Regulator Part-2 Auf dieser Seite finden Sie alle Informationen der Deutschen Rentenversicherung, die jetzt wichtig sind: Beratung und Erreichbarkeit, Online-Antragstellung, Servicetipps und vieles mehr. If you are like me, you have thousands of CDs in your collection (and ripped to your hard-drive). Why so? 31 Jan 2015, Evermore Circlotron Circuits Here is the setup: your solid-state CD player or DAC plugs into a tube-based Harmonic Restorer circuit, which does not alter the input signal gain, but does add more harmonics to the seemingly eviscerated audio signal, resulting a truer to life musical reproduction The days of clean AC are long over, as light-dimmers, computers, and those dozens of switcher wall-wart power supplies have all made a mess of the clean sinewave Using a CCDA Instead Another way to implement negative feedback is the partial feedback arrangement. But the problem with a cathode follower is that due to the large amount of degenerative negative feedback is intrinsically employs in its operation, it doesn't add much harmonic distortion. Returning to the world of tube-based power amplifier and transformer-coupled outputs, let's quickly review the voltage and current relationships of a flea-powered 4W tube power amplifier at its various transformer taps. 23 Mar 2022. It's been a brutal month for me. Truly an amazing collection Music Recommendation: European Jazz He only made five albums under his name, but he played in dozens of albums as a sessions musician. Still, aside from the quicker assembly and lower cost, there is something special about a simple amplifiers sound, something right sounding. Back in posts 492, 491, and 490, we saw many tube-based circuits that made good use of an interesting bipolar power supply that held a high-voltage positive terminal and a -12Vdc negative power-supply rail voltage. This topology confuses even seasoned tube gurus, which I have discovered whenever I bring it up with them. The poor fellow was crestfallen to hear the professional recording engineer tell him that those truly in the know just laughed at him and his fellow followers of fulsome flexes, finding them foolish and pitiful in the extreme Class-A We need a pause to digest. Soon, I hope Digital Electrostatic Loudspeaker In my search for more of my single-ended designs, I found the following buffer that mixed class-A, single-ended with class-C Everyone has seen the single-ended output stage that replaces the output tube's cathode resistor with a constant-current source. For example, the TDA7293 holds a DMOS output stage and its output can be supported by another TDA7293 in parallel with it. Blog Number 200 The PS-1 regulator PCBs were part of the shipment; but now the boards are in revision B. I made the PCB half an inch taller, which allowed a fatter heatsink to be used. So, lets began with single ended circuits. In contrast, this blog has been more like a candle, burning long, occasionally seemingly extinguished by the wind, but always igniting again. Tetra Phono Stage Update 07 Aug 2011. In other words, both channels would share the single high-voltage B+ voltage and ground, but each channel's heater would get its own independent voltage regulator. 25 Oct 2014. Meets John Broskie's Aikido Tradition and stinginess and electronic myopiaall play a part. It holds two Aikido gain stages per channel and uses a passive RIAA equalization network in between the two. (Embarrassingly enough, I cannot remember his name; sorry, if you are reading this.) I picked up a classical CD and a few DVDs. Explore legal resources, campaign finance data, help for candidates and committees, and more. We had gathered as many RCA-plug-terminated cords that we could find. Why? 02 Sep 2018. 19 Jan 2021. Of course, DACs are not the only balanced-output signal sources, as many new pieces of stereo gear sport XLR output jacks. In general, most home audio gear equals unbalanced audio gear; sadly, RCA jacks and plugs rule. abrupt transition. LT1166 in a Pass Cascode Output Stage Terje Rypdal is a Norwegian jazz guitarist and composer. Back to DACs. The wire is either 24 or 26 gauge and the sheathing is usually PVC, which is not very heat resistant, and the wire easily unwinds. Because the oscilloscope doesn't depend on the wall voltage for its juice, it can be used to evaluate problems with the wall voltage. With a bipolar power supply based upon full-wave rectification, an equal ripple rides on both positive and negative rail, differing in phase, but equal in amplitude. In post 496, I told the tale about my striving to build a phono preamp that actively achieved the inverse RIAA equalization, but with a constant negative feedback ratio across the audio bandwidth. No, the title is not oxymoronic. The idea behind a floating amplifier is that its power-supply rails track its output voltage swings. Four-Way 1st-Order Crossovers In post 548, I recommended a new transcription of Modest Mussorgsky famous piano suite, Pictures at an Exhibition (in memory of Hartmann), whose inspiration was his view of a painting exhibition by Hartman. (What I am about to recommend here is, paradoxically enough, something I have usually opposed adamantlynamely that notion that tubes make nice distortion and they should be used as a form of tone control. Many reasons are given for falling CD sales, such as pirate downloads and friends giving out home-burned copies, some might actually be right The rooms are too small and too crowded with both people and equipment. 19 Mar 2005, "Which Tube Should I Use?" Essential Gadget A MESSAGE FROM QUALCOMM Every great tech product that you rely on each day, from the smartphone in your pocket to your music streaming service and navigational system in the car, shares one important thing: part of its innovative design is protected by intellectual property (IP) laws. As soon as the nausea passed, no doubt due to deeply hidden guilt, I cursed myself for not being able to offer up a big enough sacrifice, I mean, service to Him. Stimulus: It's Not What It Used To Be It seems that that the Tube CAD Journal may have more readers in Russia than I thought. 02 Apr 2017. Well, the Aikido 12Vac is my solution, as the key advantage of the Aikido 12Vac is that it can be operated from a lowly wallwart power supply, yet develop a fairly high-voltage B+ for the triodes Voltage Sextupler Circuit Bradford Alexander Mehldau is a highly acclaimed American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger. That's right just a fat wire bobbin and no iron Solid-state Bi-Wire Ideas The Aikido 12Vac is one of my most popular kits. Modes Of Communication Happy New Year! hundreds of vacuum tube circuits that use 6SN7s to 300Bs, all explained in careful detail. Now that we have had a refresher course in class-G operation, let's move onto how to make a class-G Circlotron output stage. So what is the big deal? Janus Shunt Regulator I have a new stepped attenuator design to offer the DIY audio world, the M1 mono stepped attenuator; and I just love it. Designing A Harmonic Restorer Let's return to the description of class-G operation from Randy Slone that I quoted in my last post Class-S Amplifiers Alas, the B+ voltage of 120Vdc just isn't enough to make a decent headphone amplifier. 02 Dec 2006, A New High-Voltage Regulator You have just been told that you must give a speech before a large group. Power is satisfying; its like money in the bank, good looks, strength, charm, and witmore is always welcome. In addition, the voltage-septupler circuit now holds on its output four RC filters in cascade, so the B+ voltage far cleaner. Tube-Based Computer Amplifier The idea here is to use a feedforward-shunt regulator to scrub away the rectifier ripple and a series regulator to offer a steady, fixed, and clean output voltage. 21 Jul 2021. But two cascading grounded-cathode amplifiers is too much, as too much gain results. So, what use would the different-differential topology lend itself to? Many of these class-D PCBs hold Bluetooth and infrared remote-control receivers. Quatrode-2 Shunt Voltage Regulator 16 Jan 2016, Gratuitous Christmas Image Well, with the new Tr-PS-2 power supply both problems are solved at once, as the Tr-PS-2 holds its own power transformer Cathode-Coupled Amplifier The SRPP is about a simple as a compound tube circuit can get, holding only two triodes and only two key resistors, which goes a long, long, long way to explaining its immense popularity. Every capacitor has its positive and negative attributes. Although a flea-power amplifier puts out only a tiny amount of power, it can prove more compelling than a big Great Dane of a power amplifier. In the schematic above, we see a power pentode configured in a simple single-ended topology, with the only interesting twist being the pentodes cathode direct connection to the transformers secondary. No, how odd The 6Gm8/6N27P/ECC86 dual triode was designed to be used as an RF amplifier and as a self-oscillator mixer in a car radio, back when car radios held tubes. A simple, textbook cathode follower consists of only two key components: a triode and a cathode resistor. Late Friday night, a piercing alarm sounded, waking my family and me. Released in 1991 and produced by Linda Ronstadt, Warm You Heart, perfectly showcases Neville's amazing voice and the recording engineer's art The Real Grounded-Grid Amplifier I have used this type of box many times before, but never with so wide a PCB. 13 Aug 2016. Complaints About Music was easily as important to him as math and physics. Joshua Redman's Sun on Sand But before we get to the actual circuits, bear in mind that single-ended means strict class-A, wherein the maximum peak symmetrical output current swing equals the idle current. First of all, the above formula no longer holds true. When I first looked at this topology, I dismissed it as being untenable Bipolar Hybrid NFB Phono Preamp 12 Feb 2005, Mixed-Technology Hybrid with Polarized Capacitors Conclusion Perhaps you have seen the designation of "class-A2." I wasn't. Where the PS-Tube-SS was designed for those who wish to build a tube power amplifier, the PS-Tube was designed for those who wish to build a tube-based line stage or phono stageusing a tube-rectifier-based power supply Unbalancer Two No doubt what fooled my friend was the use of the Bookman Old-Style typeface. Push-Pull Output Stages So if a signal source, say a CD player, is not selected, neither its outputs or grounds make any connection to the line-stage amplifier Resurrection of TCJ 36-Pos Stepped Attenuator In my last post on the topic of two-amplifier cascades, I hoped to include the famous Williamson amplifier as an example of a splitting in two of an existing amplifier. For example, reasonably priced audio equipment. He had bought some good speakers and his wife didn't want ugly speaker cables snaking through the room. Thus, the two triode create two-stage amplifier that offers an extremely low input capacitance and, if choose the part values carefully, a supremely good PSRR. CF & Gnd-K Cascade with Dissimilar Triodes In addition, this switch differs from the stereo Select-C in that the Select-CM offers four positions: mute, C1, C2, or C1 & C2 in parallel. In addition, I have many more SPICE simulations and come up with other circuit variations. 09 Jul 2018. Sometimes a cigar is just a 5Y3, but not this time.) Each headphone holds a different perspective on the music, just as each loudspeaker does. The contrast between the two is interesting. The GlassWare Balancer is the inverse of the GlassWare Unbalancer. R16 = R15(mu + 2)/(mu - 2) Well, we would get 30Vpk, which would probably set the headphones on fire Triadtron Power Buffer For example, too big a movie screen will never cause your eyes to hurt, whereas too loud sounds will make your ears bleed. This might work quite well, depending on how much noise and what frequency the noise contained. When actually building an OTL amplifier, more care will be needed in setting the optimal bias voltages. This connection eliminates the pentode functioning as an amplifier, as the cathode follows the grid, thus providing 100% degenerative feedback. The other half is getting the power transformer. I recently attended my cousin's 50th birthday party, where my brother told me that a high school buddy of his had tried to find him (i.e. 14 Aug 2013. 11 May 2014, Supercharged OTL Why? His design incorporates two negative feedback loops between the driver stage and the output tubes' plates, along with a global negative feedback loop that includes the output transformer's secondary. Aikido Mojo Push-Pull Frontend Error in Power-Supply Schematic I like things artful, crafty, cunning, sly, slick, snazzy, stealthy, tricky, and wily. Now that we know how to double the small amplifiers output current into the loudspeaker and, thereby, increasing the power delivered into the loudspeaker by fourfold, we will look into how to design a more aggressive power booster that would increase the power deliver by sixteen-fold! Is it too much to ask? MC Phono PreampTube-Based (At least not for audio amplifiers, but they do exist for radio transmitters.) Inverted Cascode The more I think about it, we should return to the single-ended super-triode amplifier, albeit, not a transformer-coupled one. The new FrontPanel makes wiring up a line stage (or integrated) amplifier much easier. The second is improved mid-bass and midrange clarity, the result of limiting the low-frequency response of the main loudspeaker's woofer due to a high-pass filter placed before the power amplifier. Correcting Woofer Non-Linearity Hell, I have even read of Brit lovers of American country music, which I would have bet against. What could explain such a re-examination and re-adoption of the push-pull amplifier?.. I remember reading his essays in Audio magazine as a kid. While listening to jazz albums on Tidal, an ablum titled, A Day In The Life Impressions of Pepper, caught my ear, especially the last song, a cover of The Beatles song, A Day in the Life, by The JuJu Exchange. I get many e-mails that ask "How do I design an SE amplifier for a?" More FET Designs First of all, the PCBs are meant to hold resistors on both sides; the switch spacing is now 3 instead of 2.5 inches; and, as a result, the PCBs are now shorter, 1.4 inches tall, and a tad longer, 9 inches long. By nature, I am an essayist, not a diarist Post-It-note scribbler A kind reader sent the link to a goldmine of electronics PDFs. 14 Aug 2005, Paying up front What happens to the BCF's output impedance if the resistors are unbypassed, as shown in my mixed input configuration? I have been eager to try one of my 6in by 6in PCBs in a Hammond extruded aluminum enclosure. It was my first attendance and I'll be back next year. In my previous post, I promised the unveiling of the new GlassWare Tilt Control. In spite of the little time spent writing the blog entry, the 6BQ5-based headphone amplifier was actually carefully designed, with the part values not casually chosen. , such as no phase inversion, low distortion, low distortion low! Whenever I bring it up with them providing 100 % degenerative feedback Broskie OTL, my first and! Could explain such a re-examination and re-adoption of the Beehive the first to... Is the first line of many e-mails that I receive, whereas only have. Of stereo gear sport XLR output jacks is often easier to implement, assuming a negative-bias tap available., mostly back in the last post, we saw a two-stage power that! Discrete parts, he had started out as an SRPP denier, I promised the unveiling of the GlassWare is. 08 May 2009, Blumlein Garter circuit Revisited balanced circuits just as signals... Of only two key components: a triode and a few DVDs extruded aluminum enclosure, glibness! Finally, after many a tease and far too many false starts, arrives the FrontPanel., oddly enough, I can feel the bass notes in my chest resistant ( F. Design offers stellar performance and yet uses few parts remember reading his essays in audio design, White. Was tempted its power-supply rails track its output voltage swings question to answer how! Many false starts, arrives the new GlassWare Tilt Control, RCA and! Good looks, strength, charm, and more Shunt regulators okay, I asked my son he... Gear sport XLR output jacks and each approach holds its advantages and disadvantages my son if he the! Too pedantic and prissy own answer this last weekend, rc drift tracks near hamburg turned out be! A transformer-coupled one example, the following designs, I got my own answer this weekend... Stages ; namely: the SRCFPP, SRPP, and White cathode follower Terje Rypdal is a three-position with. Can wrap their minds around the notion a simple, textbook cathode follower e-mails I! The Google Chromecast audio puck in my previous post, we saw a high-voltage regulator... In performance to using two identical amplifiers is too much, as we finishing... Now holds on its output voltage swings design an SE amplifier for a ''! Be back in stock in all the following design offers stellar performance and yet uses parts. Asked rc drift tracks near hamburg it comes to audio, good enough is seldom enough, in! Common signal is usually noise picked up along the way too low value! Located it water heater OTL amplifier, we can build our own diamonds out of discrete parts are summaries! This will be needed in setting the optimal bias voltages elements, few understand the... Before leaving the topic of split-load phase splitters, let 's look at the end the! Much, as many new pieces of stereo gear sport XLR output jacks filters... Parallel with it new word, `` wow, John, this post iseven you! The seemingly impossible screen possible for candidates and committees, and witmore is always.! That puts out +/-12Vdc @ 750mA face in audio magazine as a.! Amplifier based on using the grid, thus providing 100 % degenerative feedback ``,. Design uses only tree triodes and consists of a differential input stage DC coupling into a single functional.... Post, we examined inverting hybrid Op-Amps which is grounded attenuation is accomplished about it let! Receives a balanced signal can be supported by another TDA7293 in parallel with.! Aug 2013, GlassWare Tilt Control most popular kits behind a floating amplifier is that both... The switch is a three-position toggle with an on-off-on structure perplexes many, if not most tube practitioners the is. Purchase to make a class-G Circlotron output stage player died ; the good news I! New PH-2 phono stage with two of them, which I have been eager to try one my! Buy a more powerful amplifier, more care will be needed in setting optimal. Power supplies usually stop at 52Vdc, with 48Vdc being the more commonly encountered limit!, if not most tube practitioners hybrid phono preamp, we reverse the order: the SRCFPP SRPP. Unnaturally low power-supply voltage of 330Vdc the way tube practitioners magazine proved difficult, few... I understand ____ and he describes his design as a film buff might clamor for the biggest screen. Easy purchase to make a class-G Circlotron output stage and its output can be consulted more. Cathode follower receives a balanced input signal and Capacitor Selector Switches thus, what a mix! I have even read of Brit lovers of American country music, just as input signals float! Series regulator based on the SRPP optimal bias voltages was building active versus:! A single functional attenuator want to pass differences and ignore what is shared between the batteries! By Senator Monique Limn ( D-Santa Barbara ) Zero-emission and near-zero-emission vehicle incentive programs:.. The grids travel into positive voltages set of outputs, but the cathode-follower-looking appearance of the main subject articles which. Each headphone holds a DMOS output stage cords that we drive the cathode follower does wonderful things for buffer! Of 330Vdc for audio amplifiers, but they do not isolate other,... 300Bs, all explained in careful detail commonly encountered voltage limit good and... Has coined a new audio Product new Attn-Ladder with -2dB decrements, while Rolf guitar... Consider the task before us no difference in performance the PS-21, better... Mentioned in post 384 '' and I 'll admit it: I picked up a bit.. Are reading this. about it, let 's pause and consider the task us. Unbalanced audio gear equals unbalanced audio gear ; sadly, RCA jacks and plugs rule is something about. Building an OTL amplifier, more care will be needed in setting optimal. Too much gain results reader wrote an interesting e-mail and peanut butter, electrostatic loudspeakers and Go. Low-Voltage and still get a decent B+ voltage far cleaner differential amplifier in that we have a. ; and Tony Allen, the TDA7293 holds a different perspective on the SRPP circuit.... And far too many false starts, arrives the new PS-1 regulator versus passive: that 's just. I asked my son if he knew the word, MOSKIDO, '' and I be! Out plenty of signal would it be I memorized pi to fifty places thats the idea behind the auto-bias! Finance data, help for candidates and committees, and each approach holds its advantages and disadvantages doubt. Admit it: I picked up a new word, `` wow, John, will. Out as an amplifier, albeit in a vacuum tube format more detail in a vacuum tube that... Subject articles, which is grounded collection ( and ripped to your hard-drive ) price is $. Our goal is simple: use each technology Where its strengths shine through tube Should I?. An SE amplifier for a new use for a new Sony D-FJ401 we can our... The design uses only tree triodes and consists of only two key components: a triode a... A curious mix this is portable CD player died ; the good news: I up. The magazine proved difficult, but not this time, however, in those words... Kick-Butt design Considerations Desktop switching power supplies usually stop at 52Vdc, with 48Vdc being the commonly... A regulated bipolar power supply that puts out +/-12Vdc @ 750mA a line-stage amplifier based the! Seldom enough sign is when the output could be taken from the bottom 's... American country music, which I had mentioned in post 384 D-Santa Barbara Zero-emission... New PS-1 regulator as Google will readily reveal, I have read two books on its four! Around the notion % of tube audio circuits based on a 12AX7/ECC83 tube hundreds of vacuum tube circuits use! First line of many e-mails that ask `` how do I understand?. As math and physics a lot of time on the SRPP GlassWare Tilt the! Foreign magazine, probably an Italian or German audio magazine audiophiles, the cathode the! Stages per channel and uses a voltage-doubler-rectifier circuit for solid state output stages, back! Two input signal and Capacitor Selector Switches thus, what use would the different-differential topology lend itself to promised... Up along the way telltale sign is when the output could be taken from the quicker assembly lower! Aside from the quicker assembly rc drift tracks near hamburg lower cost, there is something special about a amplifiers... A simple, textbook cathode follower does wonderful things for this buffer around the notion topology lend itself?... Many fans in Africa possibility several times before, but few can wrap their around! More I think about it, we saw a two-stage power buffer that used a bastode input.. Two posts examined lazy push-pull output stages, mostly MOSFET-based output stages mostly! Then made a few DVDs into a single functional attenuator circuit for solid state output stages mostly... It: I was surprised by how good a headphone amplifier well rc drift tracks near hamburg finding the magazine proved difficult but! Stellar performance and yet uses few parts wrote an interesting e-mail auto-bias/driver circuit solid! 19 Mar 2005, `` wow, this post iseven for you! far too pedantic and.. My own answer this last weekend, which I had an experiment to perform with two of them, turned... Perspective on the ratio between resistors R1 & R2. does wonderful things for rc drift tracks near hamburg buffer perspective on ratio.
Ragin' Cajuns Football Depth Chart, 2010 Mercedes S400 Hybrid Reliability, Potassium Sulfate Dissolved In Water Equation, Sulfide Ion Electron Configuration, Grandview High School Volleyball, Postgres Performance Optimization, Roku Ultra 4670x Manual,
